The purpose of this study is to detect the presence of gelatin in orthodontic dental materials for halal authentication. The detection of gelatins was done using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy with Attenuated Total Reflectance (FTIR-ATR). In this study, 21 samples were included and the spectrums were generated by OMNIC software of Nicolet iS50 FTIR. All data were also subjected to similarity match (SM) using TQ Analyst software. Four types of gelatin tested, namely porcine, bovine, fish and commercialized gelatin. From the studies, it was found that no samples exhibit similar spectra as the gelatins tested and SM found that no samples showed 100% similarities with porcine gelatin.

Statement of Problem: The viscosity of orthodontics adhesive primers is crucial for stability and correct brackets ‘position during bond up. An excessive adhesive flow during brackets seating could change the brackets’ position.Objectives: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the viscosity of four orthodontic adhesive primers in two different temperatures.Materials and Methods: Four orthodontic adhesive primers were used in this study. They include Transbond self-etching primer (SEP; 3M Unitek, USA), Transbond XT (3M Unitek, USA), Transbond moisture insensitive primer (MIP; 3M Unitek, USA), and Unite adhesive primer (3M Unitek, USA). A controlled stress rheometer (Carri-Med MKII, UK) with truncated cone and plate were used to investigate the viscosity of each orthodontic adhesive primer in two different temperatures. The orthodontic adhesive primers were tested at 25oC and 35oC for five times to calculate the means for each material during ascent and descent of the controlled stress rheometer. Statistical analysis was done with one-way ANOVA and two-sample t-test.Results: In this study, a statistically significant difference was found among viscosity of different orthodontic adhesive primers (p=0.005). At 25oC, the Transbond XT (192.20±1.21 MPa?s) was the most viscous primer and Transbond MIP (21.74±1.50 MPa?s) the least viscous one. Unite adhesive primer (143.40±2.17 MPa?s) was the second most viscous primer followed by Transbond SEP (44.28±3.09 MPa?s). The difference of the viscosity of orthodontic adhesive primers was also statistically significant when compared in two different temperatures.Conclusions: This study showed that there was a statistically significant difference among the viscosity of the four orthodontic adhesive primers. Moreover, the viscosity of orthodontic adhesive primers also changed with temperatures. This might affect the orthodontic bond up procedure during summer and winter.

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has infected more than 8 million people globally since its discovery in December 2019. For COVID-19 prevention, the World Health Organization recommended regular handwashing with soap, cough etiquette, mask wearing and social distancing. However, COVID-19 is rather difficult to contain because of its high transmissibility property. Gargling is effective for reducing infection in the respiratory tract. Most antiseptic gargles have antimicrobial properties against common respiratory pathogens. No published study on the effectiveness of antiseptic gargling among COVID-19 patients has been available to date. This article reviewed available literature on methods and solutions available for gargling and their effect on respiratory tract infections.

Objectives: Compensatory is a mechanism that preserve a proportional and harmonious facial pattern in patients with Class III skeletal pattern. There are two major treatments for this type of patient which are orthodontic surgery and fixed orthodontic appliances. The objective of this study is to assess dentoalveolar and soft tissue compensation in Class III skeletal pattern in relation to normal occlusion. Methods: Pre-operative lateral cephalometric radiograph of 30 patients each from Class I and Class III skeletal pattern were selected for this study. The cephalometric parametric such as sagittal jaw relationship, occlusal plane angulation, chin thickness, distance of lips toward aesthetic line, incisors inclination were measured. Results: The result shows significant difference in DL' (p = 0.019), ANB (p = 0.000), SN-AB (p = 0.004), SN-L1 (p = 0.001), SNB (p = 0.037), L1A (p = 0.000) and DU' (p = 0.001). There are no significant differences in other sagittal jaw relationship,upper incisor proclination, distance of upper lip to aesthetic line and thickness of chin. Conclusion: In summary, the dentoalveolar compensation in Class III skeletal pattern is by retroclination of the lower incisors meanwhile the soft tissue compensation is achieved by the change of the distance of the upper and lower lips towards the aesthetic line, in response to the inclination of the incisors.

Poly(aryl-ether-ketone) materials (PAEKs), a class of high-performance polymers comprised of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), have attracted interest in standard dental procedures due to their inherent characteristics in terms of mechanical and biological properties. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a restorative dental material widely used for prosthetic frameworks due to its superior physical, mechanical, aesthetic, and handling features. Meanwhile, polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic embraced in the additive manufacturing market. In the present review study, a new way to fabricate high-performance polymers, particularly PEEK and PEKK, is demonstrated using additive manufacturing digital dental technology, or 3-dimensional (3D) printing. The focus in this literature review will encompass an investigation of the chemical, mechanical, and biological properties of HPPs, particularly PEEK and PEKK, along with their application particularly in dentistry. High-performance polymers have gained popularity in denture prosthesis in advance dentistry due to their flexibility in terms of manufacturing and the growing interest in utilizing additive manufacturing in denture fabrication. Further, this review also explores the literature regarding the properties of high-performance polymers (HPP) compared to previous reported polymers in terms of the dental material along with the current advancement of the digital designing and manufacturing.

Introduction: Patient undergoes orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances have more plaque retentive area compare to normal person. Therefore, this patient requires higher standard of oral hygiene care. One of adjunctive cleaning device for oral hygiene care is water irrigator. There are several types of water irrigator available in the market such as syringe type, electricity and battery operated. However, the problem is the available water irrigators are expensive. Materials and Methods: A prototype of water irrigator was designed and constructed in USIM. The water irrigator is faucet powered so that the pressure can be easily controlled by adjusting the tap. Four dental arches with orthodontics brackets were prepared using sets of natural teeth mounted on plaster of paris. Artificial plaque was prepared and grown on the dental arches. Plaque score was recorded based on Rustogi modification of navy plaque index (RMNPI) before and after irrigation with water irrigator. The procedure was repeated using toothbrush which act as control group. All the data were collected and analysed using SPSS version 22. Results: The initial mean plaque score for water irrigator was 6.34 and 2.54 after cleaning. While the initial mean plaque score for toothbrush was 6.04 and 3.71 after cleaning. This showed that there were significantly reduction of 60% and 39% plaque score after using water irrigator and tooth brushing respectively. Conclusion(s): In conclusion, both tooth brushing and the new water irrigator can significantly remove dental plaque accumulation on the tooth surface. However, water irrigator showed better results in removal of dental plaque accumulation.

Patient own quality of life is an important aspect in providing holistic and well-balance treatment to patient. Any dental treatment done should not be detrimental to patient's daily life and normal routine. Orthodontic therapy has been known to influence patient's mental and psychical health during treatment. This study explored the relationship between quality of life and fixed appliances (braces) by adopting a set of questionnaires. A total of 102 (83% females and 17% males) patients were randomly invited and consented to this study. They were asked to answer questions regarding diet changes, pain perception, physical changes and psychological effect. The results showed that 76.5% have difficulties in eating, 74.5% experience pain in the mouth, 45% could not pronounce words correctly and 41% complaint that their meal routine were interrupted. In conclusion, this study shows that fixed appliances (braces) have some detrimental effect to patient's quality of life and will influence their oral health impact profile. � 2019 Journal of International Dental and Medical Research.

Aim: To Identify the dentoalveolar morphology features in relation to different inclination of the mandibular incisors in Class II skeletal pattern patients using a dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Materials and methods: A total of 180 CBCT records were collected from subjects aged between 17 to 35 years old. The subjects were classified into its incisor inclination (procline: 91 subjects and upright: 88 subjects) according to the cephalometrics norms. The buccolingual thickness and alveolar bone height of the mandibular incisors were measured using iCAT Vision Software Interface. Results: The upright group had significantly greater alveolar bone height compared to the proclined group (P<0.05). The alveolar bone thickness was significantly thicker at 9.13 +/- 2.14mm in proclined mandibular incisors compared to the upright group 7.97 +/- 1.78 mm (P<0.05). The lingual alveolar bone was significantly thicker at the mandibular lateral incisors than central incisors in both upright and proclined group. The inclination of the lower incisors has negative correlation with total bone height at the central incisors. Significant association observed between incisor inclination with the total bone thickness and labial part of total bone thickness. Conclusion: There is a significant relationship between lower incisors inclination with alveolar bone height and thickness surrounding the mandibular symphysis.

Dental education around the world were being affected by the pandemic COVID-19. Patients could not come to received treatment and students could not performed dental clinical practical due to lockdown implementation. To overcome this, an online orthodontic screening for examination and diagnosis was developed to help dental students to practice and perform assessment on patients. The objective of this study was to assess the possibility of using online orthodontics screening as an alternative way to physical classes and orthodontic clinics. This cross-sectional study was conducted on clinical years dental students. A total of seventy subjects participated in this study. All subjects were required to assess orthodontic patient extra-oral and intra-oral attributes base on the online orthodontic screening. The result shows that all subjects could identify correctly extra-oral features such as assessment of the skeletal pattern and soft tissue. While mixed result was noted on intra-oral characteristics such as teeth condition, teeth in occlusion and lower upper arches. As a conclusion, the implementation of orthodontic screening thru online method can be utilized as a feasible alternative in comparison to the traditional clinical setting.

This study analyzed the effectiveness of oral drops containing Holothuria scabra extract and Hylocereus polyrhizus peel at concentrations of 25%, 30%, and 35% for accelerating healing of post-excision stage 1 tongue cancer wounds in the tongue of rats with pre-clinical observations of wound closure and histopathology by observing fibroblast cells, neutrophils, and neocapillarization. A total of 45 male Wistar rats were divided into five groups, receiving either the test oral drops (25%, 30%, or 35%), a positive control (tetrachlorodecaoxide), or a negative control (no treatment). All rats were induced with a 2% DMBA compound on the lateral tongue to induce tongue cancer over 4 w. After tumour formation, the excised lesions were treated with oral drops and wound healing was monitored on days 3, 7, and 14 post-treatment, using macroscopic observation and histopathological examination. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney post hoc tests, with significance set at p<0.05. Oral drops containing combined extracts of Holothuria scabra and Hylocereus polyrhizus peel at 25%, 30%, and 35% showed similar effectiveness to the positive control in promoting wound healing, according to the reduction of length, width, and depth of the wound and histopathologically. Combining Holothuria scabra extract and Hylocereus polyrhizus peel in oral drop formulations at 25%, 30%, and 35% concentrations effectively accelerates healing of post-excision tongue cancer wounds. Among these, the 25% concentration is recommended for its efficacy and potential cost-effectiveness balance.

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Patient compliance towards any treatment will determine the successful of the intended outcome. Compliance on removable orthodontics appliances can be assessed by the duration of wear whereby duration of less than 12 hours per day could indicate a non-compliance. A non-compliant patient will result in failure of the planned treatment. Orthodontics treatment using removable appliance usually will fail without determination, attitude, and patient cooperation. This study explores the reason why patient does not comply with orthodontics treatment using removable appliances. In total forty-five patients were involved in this cross-sectional study. Written consent was obtained from every participant prior to the study. Questionnaire on demographic, compliance towards treatment and factor affecting compliance were distributed to all participants. In this study, factors affecting compliance were found to be discomfort (p=o.336), pain (p=0.036), knowledge on importance of appliance wear (p=0.205), dentist-patient relationship (p=0.021) and self-assessment on malocclusion severity (p=0.072). With p value set at <0.05, factors such as pain and dentist-patient relationship show significant influence towards compliance. In conclusions, compliance towards removable appliance were determined by pain experience and dentist-patient relationship were discovered to be statistically significant contributor to it in this study.

Background: Patient undergoes orthodontic treatment with removable and fixed appliances will usually complaint of pain and discomfort. The level of pain and discomfort experience by patient will determined the cooperation and compliance towards the treatment. This study explores the perception of pain and type of discomfort experience by patients when undergoes orthodontic treatment. Material and method: This cross-sectional study involve a set of questionnaires regarding patient social demographic and factors contributing to pain and discomfort among patients with removable and fixed appliances. Result: This study shows that the most common discomfort experienced by patients with removable appliance are increased in saliva flow, interferes with mastication and altering speech. Apart from that, ulcers, pain in the mouth and appliance breakages are the most common pain experience by the patients with fixed appliances. Conclusion: In conclusion, majority of patients will experience some form of pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatments. Thus, information regarding pain and discomfort during orthodontic treatment should be clearly convey during the first initial appointment to prepare patient mental and physically.

Objective: During the pandemic COVID-19, a paradigm shift in dental education must be made. Physical teaching and clinical practical must be done in online manner to avoid close contact. An online orthodontics screening application is needed to cater during this misfortunate event. Thus, the objective of this study is to develop an online orthodontic screening for dental education and to assess the effective of the apps. Methods: The development of online application was done using non-coding software provided by independent website. The online orthodontic screening consists of patient detail, extraoral examination, intraoral examination, summary and treatment plan. All dental specialists in USIM orthodontics clinic (orthodontist) were invited to answer several questions regarding the apps and undergoes the trial run. Results: All subjects were in agreement regarding the details of patient, extraoral examination and intraoral examination except for the third molar condition and teeth rotation. The decision on the IOTN and the problem list also have some contention, however the variation is accepted as a preference by the specialist. Conclusion: This study has demonstrated the ability of online dental education as a teaching tools and method in the COVID-19 pandemic era. It can be used as an additional aid and alternative to normal psychical classroom.

Patients require orthodontics treatment could come with many reasons such as aesthetic, functional or psychological factors. Some aesthetic reasons are reasonable and do not against the human norms. To have a normal smile corrected from a crowded or spaced tooth are two examples where orthodontics treatment with braces are permitted. The treatment for dental malocclusion u counseling as part of the protocol. patients’ wellbeing and the psychosocial impact. The result of malocclusion has direct negative impact on patient self dental malocclusion tend to have lower self image. permitted to be treated if it is sually will require orthodontic fixed appliances (braces) and This study was done to assess the effect of dental malocclusion and fixed appliances to this study shows that dental esteem and psychosocial. Patients with esteem, reduced confident level and negative selfClinical article

This research is a randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of plaque removal between manual conventional and orthodontic toothbrushes in patients having fixed orthodontic treatment using Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI). This study was conducted by two orthodontists at USIM Specialist Dental Clinic with almost perfect agreement level (Kappa score: 0.95). A total of 58 orthodontic patients were divided into 2 groups; first group were patients given manual conventional toothbrush (CTB) and the other were given orthodontic toothbrush (OTB). Consent obtained, and participants were instructed to follow standardized specific oral hygiene care regimes. Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI) was then recorded during baseline(V0), 1 month (V1), 2 months (V2), and 3 months (V3) reviews for all participants. Out of 58 patients, only 26 participants (5 male and 21 female) completed the 3 review visits. Median values were used as data was not normally distributed. At baseline, both OTB and CTB group median values were 2.00±1.00. At first month review, V1 the median values for both groups maintained at 2.00±0.00. The same values maintained at second month review, V2 where OTB was 2.00±0.00 and CTB was 2.00±1.00. During last review visit, V3 the median values for OTB was 2.00±1.00 and CTB was 2.00±0.00. Overall mean values were 1.94 (SD=0.42) for the OTB group and 2.02 (SD=0.49) for CTB group. The mean’s significant differences of OPI score between two groups was compared using Mann Whitney's U test and the resulted p value was found to be insignificant (p>0.05) where p-value for OTB is 0.42 and p= 0.65 for CTB group. These results suggested that there were no significant differences in plaque removal ability between OTB and CTB in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

One of the treatment modalities in orthodontic treatment is to modify the growth of the jaw, by means of dentofacial orthopedic appliance, at certain skeletal growth phase. The purpose of this study is to assess the correlation of the chronological age and the skeletal maturity in Malay patient attending dental clinic in Faculty of Dentistry, USIM. The timing of peak pubertal growth was also determined. An analysis of the cervical vertebra from 186 cephalograms was done according to the newly modified version of Cervical Vertebrae Maturation (CVM) method, by Baccetti et al., 2005. The CVM stage was used as the indicator of the skeletal growth. The data was analysed using one-way ANOVA and looking at the mean age. The timing of growth spurt in Malay patients was obtained.

A 45-year-old female with Class III incisor relationship on Class I skeletal pattern came to orthodontic specialist clinic after referral from prosthodontic department. She requested to have lower dentition spaces to be closed before dental implant to be fitted. She had upper and lower dentures previously but not quite happy with the aesthetic. She is fit and healthy with diabetes mellitus type 2. Fixed appliance was done on the lower arch as the upper teeth were nicely aligned. Lower retainer was fitted after fixed appliance was removed (debonded). Several week later, she came with the complain of exposed bone on her lingual oral mucosa. The aetiology of sequestration, oral osteonecrosis and the association to diabetes mellitus is discussed in this case report.

Online learning has become the next frontier and the method of choice for some education providers. This study focuses on students’ insight on online classes and ways to improve it. The cross-sectional study was done at the Dental Faculty of the Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM), which include almost all undergraduate dental students who had attended online classes. In total, 179 respondents managed to answer the full set of questionnaires with thirty different questions. The data analysis reveals that mixed physical and online classes is recommended by the students to improve their learning experience and education performance. Excellent multimedia, video presentation, fast internet connection and communication is a crucial key for the success of student education. In conclusion, online learning has become an alternative to conventional teaching in dental institutions. The flexibility of the time to study and the option to pause/ playback are some of the benefits of online learning. However, not all subject in dentistry can be taught effectively in online learning. Students practical, laboratory and clinical teaching still need to be conducted physically as hands-on training is still the best. Nevertheless, online learning is still a viable teaching method for strengthening the theoretical academic part.