The window of maximum susceptibility for the development of dental fluorosis for anterior teeth is during the first two to three years of life. The primary source of fluoride intake for infants at this age is mainly from the diet including infant formula. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the fluoride concentration in commercially available Malaysian infant formulas that required reconstitution before consumption. A total of 29 infant formulas available in the Malaysian market were reconstituted with deionised water, fluoridated tap water, and filtered tap water. The fluoride concentration of the infant formulas was analysed directly using a fluoride ion selective electrode. The daily fluoride intake estimation from the infant formulas was calculated using the median infant body weight and recommended volumes for formula consumption from newborn to > 12 months of age. Results showed that the fluoride concentration of the infant formulas when reconstituted with deionised water ranged between 0.009 to 0.197 mg/L that contributed to the estimated daily fluoride intake ranging from 0.005 to 0.100 mg (total intake per day) or 0.001 to 0.025 mg/kg (total intake per body weight/day). The fluoride concentration in the selected infant formulas was low, but after reconstitution with fluoridated tap water, the overall fluoride concentration in infant formulas sample significantly increased (p < 0.001). Nevertheless, the estimated daily fluoride intake from infant formulas alone did not exceed the lowest-observed-adverse-effect level (LOAEL) of fluoride at 0.10 mg/kg/day.

Maintaining good oral hygiene is important following stroke. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of two oral health promotion (OHP) programmes to reduce dental plaque levels following stroke. A multi-centre randomised clinical control trial was conducted among patients hospitalised following stroke in Malaysia. Patients were randomly allocated to two OHP groups: (i) control group who received the conventional method for plaque control—daily manual tooth brushing with a standardised commercial toothpaste, (ii) test group—who received an intense method for plaque control—daily powered tooth brushing with 1% Chlorhexidine gel. Oral health assessments were performed at baseline, at 3 months and 6 months post-intervention. Within- and between-group changes in dental plaque were assessed over time. Regression analyses were conducted on dental plaque levels at 6 months controlling for OHP group, medical, dental and socio-demographic status. The retention rate was 62.7% (54 of 86 subjects). Significant within-group changes of dental plaque levels were evident among the test group (P <.001) and the control group (P <.001). No significant between-group changes of dental plaque levels were apparent (P >.05). Regression analyses identified that baseline plaque levels (adjusted ß = 0.79, P <.001) and baseline functional dependency level (adjusted ß = −0.34, P <.05) were associated with dental plaques levels at the end of the trial (6 months). Both, “Conventional” and “Intense” oral health promotion programmes may successfully reduce dental plaque during stroke rehabilitation and are of comparable effectiveness. Baseline dental plaque levels and functional dependency level were key factors associated with dental plaque levels at follow-up at 6 months.

Objective: To evaluate the presence of oral opportunistic pathogens among stroke survivors, both before and after oral health care interventions. Methods: A multicenter randomized clinical trial was conducted on hospitalized stroke survivors. Those in the control group were given standard care of oral hygiene (a manual toothbrush and toothpaste), whereas those in the test group were given intense care of oral hygiene (a powered toothbrush and 1% chlorhexidine oral gel). Oral clinical assessments were carried out, and microbiological samples were collected, using concentrated oral rinse samples at 3 time points: baseline, 3 months, and 6 months. Results: The prevalence of oral yeast was significantly reduced in the test group at 6 months (P <.05), but no significant difference was observed over time. A significant reduction was observed in the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus (P <.01) and aerobic and facultative gram-negative bacilli over time (P <.05), but there were no significant differences noted between groups at 6 months. Candida albicans and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the prominent pathogens determined throughout the trial. Kluyvera strains have also been isolated from this cohort. Conclusion: Oral hygiene intervention using a powered tooth brush and 1% chlorhexidine oral gel was effective in reducing the prevalence of oral opportunistic pathogens. � 2017 Elsevier Inc.