INTRODUCTION: The first step in the forensic identification is sex determination followed by age and stature estimation, as both are sex-dependent. The mandible is the largest, strongest and most durable bone in the face. Mandible is important for sex confirmation in absence of a complete pelvis and skull. AIM: The aim of the present study was to determine sex of human mandible from morphology, morphometric measurements as well as discriminant function analysis from the CT scan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present retrospective study comprised 79 subjects (48 males, 31 females), with age group between 18 and 74 years, and were obtained from the post mortem computed tomography data in the Hospital Kuala Lumpur. The parameters were divided into three morphologic and nine morphometric parameters, which were measured by using Osirix MD Software 3D Volume Rendering. RESULTS: The Chi-square test showed that men were significantly association with square-shaped chin (92%), prominent muscle marking (85%) and everted gonial glare, whereas women had pointed chin (84%), less prominent muscle marking (90%) and inverted gonial glare (80%). All parameter measurements showed significantly greater values in males than in females by independent t-test (p< 0.01). By discriminant analysis, the classification accuracy was 78.5%, the sensitivity was 79.2% and the specificity was 77.4%. The discriminant function equation was formulated based on bigonial breath and condylar height, which were the best predictors. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the mandible could be distinguished according to the sex. The results of the study can be used for identification of damaged and/or unknown mandible in the Malaysian population.

Introduction: This review explores the usage of radiological technique mainly, CT scan in bone for identification of human remains in different population. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify the relevant studies on human bone by CT scan. Methodology: A comprehensive search was conducted in Medline and Science Direct for relevant studies published between 1998 and 2017. The main inclusion criteria were research articles published in English, and studies which reported the usage of CT scan method in bones for identification of human remains (sex, age and stature). Results: The literature search identified 48 potentially relevant articles, whereby 14 had met the inclusion criteria. Six review articles, six case studies, two soft tissue thickness examination papers, one pathological CT scan study, eight duplicates, one not CT scan data and children specimens were excluded from this review. All the studies reported the usefulness of CT scan in different human bones for identification and collection of database in different populations. Conclusion: This evidence-based review highlighted the usefulness of CT scan as a secondary method other than postmortem examination to narrow down the identification of human remains. Further studies are required to identify the methods that use CT scan in forensic anthropology either by traditional or geometric morphometric. � 2018 Japan Health Sciences University & Japan International Cultural Exchange Foundation.

Introduction: The mental foramen is present on either side of the body of the mandible bone. This foramen transmits mental vessels and nerves. In forensic anthropology, mental foramen may be important for differentiating sex, estimating age and identifying various races based on morphology. The main aim of the present study was to determine the position, shape and diameter of the mental foramen according to sex, age and race by postmortem computed tomography in the Malaysian population. Materials and Methods: A total of 79 dentulous patients (48 males, 31 females) from 3 age groups (18-30 years, 31- 50 years, 51-74 years) were selected for this study, and ten parameters were observed for each mandible. The parameters were divided into two morphological and eight morphometric parameters. The morphometric parameters were measured by using Osirix MD Software 3D Volume Rendering. Results: Results showed that mandibular body length and height were significantly greater in males than in females by independent t-test. (p < 0.05). However, the mandibular body height was found to decrease significantly with age in both sexes by one-way Anova. It was observed that the shape of mental foramen was 45.6% oval and 54.4% rounded. About 44.3% of them were in line with the longitudinal axis of the second premolar tooth. Conclusion: It was concluded that mental foramen may be used for identification purposes, particularly for sex, age and race determination.

Estimation of stature plays a significant role in establishing personal identity in forensic anthropology. The objective is to derive specific population regression equations to estimate stature from hand and foot measurements in the Malaysian population. A prospective cross-sectional study was done with 400 staffs and students, who were randomly chosen from Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre (UKMMC) and ranged from 19 to 60�years old. The subjects comprised 200 males and 200 females (257 Malay, 112 Chinese and 31 Indian). Eleven parameters, such as hand length 1, hand length 2, hand length 3, hand length 4, hand length 5, hand length, palm length, hand breadth, maximum hand breadth, foot breadth and foot length were measured twice by measuring tape and Vernier callipers, and were averaged. Results revealed that the parameters exhibited a significant difference between sexes and ethnic groups (p�<�0.05). The relative TEM was 0.7 and 1.37% for intra- and inter-observational analyses, respectively, which were acceptable for measurement accuracy. Paired t-tests showed close approximation between estimated and true stature. Thus, the regressions could be used for stature estimation in the Malaysian population. Further study is needed to evaluate and validate the results for future use. � 2018, � 2018 Australian Academy of Forensic Sciences.

Four basic biological profile were useful for human identification including stature. The aim is to develop regressions for stature using ten metacarpals in Malay males. The samples were retrieved from Hospital Kuala Lumpur from PMCT images, which comprised 200 males from 20 to 53 years old. The parameters were lengths of ten metacarpals measured by Osirix, in which strong correlations with stature were evident. Single linear regressions were developed with good accuracy, where both true and estimated statures showed close values by paired t-test. It is concluded that regression equations are useful to estimate stature in Malay males. � 2018, All India Institute of Medical Sciences. All rights reserved.

Sex determination is one of the main steps in the identification of human skeletal remains. It constitutes an initial step in personal identification from the skeletal remains. The aim of the present study was to provide the population-specific sex discriminating osteometric standards to aid human identification. The present study was conducted on 87 (174 sides) slices of crania using postmortem computed tomography in 45 males and 42 females, aged between 18 and 75 years. About 22 parameters of crania were measured using Osirix software 3-D Volume Rendering. Results showed that all parameters were significantly higher in males than in females except for orbital height of the left eye by independent t test (P < 0.01). By discriminant analysis, the classification accuracy was 85.1%, and by regression, the classification accuracy ranged from 78.2% to 86.2%. In conclusion, cranium can be used to distinguish between males and females in the Malaysian population. The results of the present study can be used as a forensic tool for identification of unknown crania. � 2017. Anatomy and Cell Biologylary.