The challenges for handling covid‐19 need a comprehensive approach both nationally and internationally in terms of state‐centered or international governance. Regarding the condition, the challenges to handling these conditions will vary from each other, but conceptually the approach is categorized into two, namely horizontal and vertical health challenges. Horizontal challenges are public health problems that arise and are cross‐border in nature. The pandemic cannot be carried out alone. International law as a legal instrument that binds and regulates relations between countries also regulates non‐state actors play a key role in vertical and horizontal contexts. Global regulation is needed because covid‐infections disease knows no boundaries. Mechanisms to facilitate international cooperation such as international law are very crucial for health, especially for prevention, treatment, and control functions. The role of the World Health Organization WHO as an international organization in the health sector is a central actor in the implementation of International Health Regulations (IHR). The IHR regulation aims to create global health governance and create better coordination in handling global disease outbreaks. Moving on from the complexity of the problems caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic in this era of globalization, an effective and holistic handling strategy is needed, one of which is through a multi‐track policy.

The fisheries sector has a risk of human rights violations. Indonesia has many fishing industries, so it is necessary to make regulations on protecting human rights in fisheries. The responsibility for protecting human rights lies to the State and corporations. This article will analyze the responsibilities of corporations and the State in protecting human rights in the fishery sector. This study uses a normative juridical method with secondary data sources. The analysis was carried out in a qualitative normative manner and conclusions were drawn deductively. Based on the research results, State and corporation have responsibility to protect human right. The United Nations issued the United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights (UNGPs) as a guide for corporations that have three pillars of responsibility, namely to protect, to respect and to remedy. Subsequently, the Government of Indonesia issued Regulation of the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries Number 35 of 2015 concerning Human Rights Certification in the Fisheries Sector that requires “fisheries entrepreneurs” to implement an enterprise-level compliance scheme consisting of three elements: (1) the establishment of a broad human rights policy; (2) mechanisms to facilitate due diligence; and (3) a remediation mechanism. In addition, the government issued the MMAF regulation Number 2 of 2017 concerning Requirements and Mechanisms for Fisheries Human Rights Certification. Indonesia has formed a human rights team and conducted human rights certification training for companies. Until 2021, the government has not implemented human rights certification because there are various obstacles, including the lack of common perception, lack of socialization, and lack of training.

The Straits of Malacca and Singapore are two of the world’s most crucial maritime highways. Srivijaya and the Malacca Sultanate were among the regional formidable political entities that were successful in exerting their power and influence over the Straits. The pre-eminence of the local kingdoms were overshadowed by the arrival of the European imperialists as early as the 16th century, that changed the political dynamics in the region. The Straits of Malacca and Singapore remain important till today as it provides the shortest route linking petroleum producing-nations of West Asia and the oil consumers of East Asia. As such, the significance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore global fulcrum of maritime trade is indisputable. Nevertheless, despite being the caretaker of these important Straits, Malaysia and Indonesia have a long way to go before they could be regarded as influential maritime States. This article concludes that both Malaysia and Indonesia should develop its oceans policy to go hand in hand with the global significance of the Straits of Malacca and Singapore. This has to be done in ensuring that both Malaysia and Indonesia could relive the glorious moments once enjoyed by both its predecessors – Srivijaya and Malacca.