In a way to make the result of Information Retrieval (IR) more accurate, a stemmer is needed to differentiate the words in searching useful information. This research aims to analyze both processing speed and accuracy of the Malay Language Stemmer such as Fatimah Stemmer and UniSZA Stemmer. This research will also compare the performance of Fuzzy Logic Ranking Function using the both stemmer. Evaluation of Recall and Precision using the relevant judgement list by the expert. The results presented UniSZA Stemmer clearly dominated the Fatimah Stemmer processing speed performance with faster times recorded in each set of the experiment, however, in term of accuracy, unfortunately Fatimah Stemmer has clearly dominated the UniSZA stemming accuracy performance with having much more correct stemmed words for each set of the experiment. The results also showed that Fuzzy Logic Ranking with Fatimah Stemmer has outperformed Fuzzy Logic Ranking with UniSZA Stemmer and English Porter Stemmer on 5 out of 8 Topic Set of query results on the Mean Average Precision measure. Fuzzy Logic Ranking with Fatimah Stemmer also gets the best result on the Precision at Rank 10, Mean Average Precision and the percentage of no relevant document in the top ten retrieved measures, on the topic that has most queries which is topic 'Umum' that has a total of 11 queries.

Respiratory activity inhibition by toxic compounds in bacteria and yeast has been used to detect toxic compounds in the environment. Often the age of culture contributes towards the sensitivity of detection. In the present work, the effect of growth period on the sensitivity of an inhibitive assay for heavy metals using bacterial respiratory assay system based on the reduction of the water soluble tetrazolium dye MU is reported. A silver-sensitive isolate was discovered to exhibit different sensitivities towards silver at different growth periods. An exponential decay model adequately described the inhibition due to silver. Analysis using ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's test showed that the IC50 obtained by strain DRYS8 grown at the 12 hr-period in nutrient broth at 28 degrees C gave the lowest value compared to other growth periods. This study highlights the importance of taking into accounts growth conditions and age of culture in developing cellular-based bioassays.

The policy of teaching and learning of Mathematics and Science subjects in English was decided in 2002 and implemented in the following year. After five years of using pupils' second language in learning these two highly cognitional subjects, the policymaker attempted to reconsider the medium of examination for the 2008 Primary School Achievement Test. On 27 October 2007, the then Prime Minister made a surprise announcement that the test for these two subjects would continue to be set in dual languages, namely, English and the respective mother-tongues. The main objective of this framing study was to explore the frames dominantly portrayed by policymakers, movements, and other parties involved. A content analysis on daily newspapers of the four languages was conducted for a period of one month after the above-mentioned announcement was made. This research adopted the format of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) in scrutinising framing from "responsibility," "conflict," "morality," "economic consequences," and "human interest" perspectives. The research findings met the objective of establishing the source frames. The policy frame is more responsible in nature, while the movement frame is more confrontational and the editorial frame tends to highlight the morality aspect of life. The reader frame is deemed to be somewhat close to the movement for its aggressiveness.

Chemical activation process was applied to prepare a cocoa nib-based activated carbon using potassium carbonate (K2CO3). The performance of the activated carbon in removing Methylene Blue from aqueous solution was investigated by batch adsorption studies. The adsorptive properties were studied in terms of initial concentration (C-0: 100-300 mg/L) and contact time effects. The experimental isotherm data fitted well the Langmuir and Temkin models. The adsorption kinetic followed the pseudo-second-order model and Boyd model explained the mechanism of adsorption. The results indicate that the chemically produced activated cocoa nib carbon has significant potential to be used as an adsorbent material for adsorption of Methylene Blue from aqueous solution.