Bahan pewarna yang digunakan dalam produk makanan dan minuman masakini bukan hanya berasal dari bahan tumbuhan atau bahan kimia, tetapi juga diperolehi dari bahan haiwan, termasuk serangga. Salah satunya ialah serangga jenis cochineal yang menghasilkan warna merah pekat dan banyak dimanfaatkan oleh industri makanan dan kosmetik. Sehubungan itu, Muzakarah Jawatankuasa Fatwa Majlis Kebangsaan Bagi Hal Ehwal Ugama Islam Malaysia dan Majelis Ulama Indonesia telah mengeluarkan fatwa bahawa penggunaannya adalah halal. Sebaliknya, Jabatan Mufti Negara Brunei Darussalam memutuskan fatwa yang berlawanan iaitu haram. Kewujudan fatwa yang berbeza dalam aspek halal dan haram sudah pasti menimbulkan kekeliruan dalam kalangan pengguna Islam. Artikel ini bertujuan menganalisis fatwa-fatwa mengenai bahan pewarna cochineal di beberapa negara ASEAN terpilih iaitu Malaysia, Indonesia dan Brunei. Metodologi yang digunakan ialah analisis dokumen. Hasil kajian menunjukkan terdapat beberapa faktor yang membawa kepada perbezaan fatwa iaitu, i.e- kefahaman berbeza berhubung status kenajisan bangkai serangga yang darahnya tidak mengalir, penggunaan metodologi istinbat fatwa yang berbeza antara negara, dan pertimbangan maslahah dan mudarat kepada pengguna. Penyelarasan fatwa boleh digerakkan di peringkat negara ASEAN menerusi pemerkasaan badan halal yang dianggotai oleh empat negara iaitu Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia dan Singapura (MABIMS).

This article aims to analyse the gambling activities in Malaysia against the backdrop of human rights and federal constitution. It instigates for effective efforts to be carried out to, at least, minimise the gambling activities, if not to stop them totally. Based on limited sources in the existing literature, this article initially identifies the definitions of gambling and its status from the perspectives of Islam and other religions. It then examines whether gambling is consistent with the very notion of freedom of religion in this country which makes Islam as its religion. Furthermore, to get an accurate perspective of this ‘industry’ and the laws related to it, this article analyses some selected prominent gambling companies and the existing laws followed by some recommendations for solutions. In sum, this article affirms that gambling is neither a good habit nor does it represent the culture of Malaysian people. It in fact contributes towards social ills within the society and therefore needs to be strongly combated.

There is no doubt that the application of foreign judgments against private persons is different from the application of judgments against states. It is not easy to oblige a state to comply with the provisions of another one or even strength it to implement foreign judgments, because it violates the sovereignty of states and independence. Due to the sensitivity of the subject and showing respect to the sovereignty and independence of states, a kind of courtesy in the international community has evolved intoa principle of international law and has been adopted by many international conventions on the implementation of foreign judgments. States have immunity under this principle from enforcement proceedings, with no action can be taken against them except theone with their consent. The problem of research is evident by the negative impact of this invulnerability on the application of provisions, which is undeniable right of the state. However, this right is contrary to other rights relating to the right of the foreign referee to enforce his judgment. In addition, it is contrary to the requirements of justice, which were issued correctly for a trial that state accepted to be a party to it.The researcher aims to explain the nature of the operational immunity and how to pay it, and how it is waived, by adopting a comparative approach to compare some of the agreements that dealt with this subject, as well as judicial applications and jurisprudential opinions, if any. The researcher concluded that the executive invulnerability has become relative immunity that includes only public or non-commercial sovereign funds. Commercial funds of the state may be implemented by all means ofoperation. This invulnerability is an advantage for the state and can be waived.