In a way to make the result of Information Retrieval (IR) more accurate, a stemmer is needed to differentiate the words in searching useful information. This research aims to analyze both processing speed and accuracy of the Malay Language Stemmer such as Fatimah Stemmer and UniSZA Stemmer. This research will also compare the performance of Fuzzy Logic Ranking Function using the both stemmer. Evaluation of Recall and Precision using the relevant judgement list by the expert. The results presented UniSZA Stemmer clearly dominated the Fatimah Stemmer processing speed performance with faster times recorded in each set of the experiment, however, in term of accuracy, unfortunately Fatimah Stemmer has clearly dominated the UniSZA stemming accuracy performance with having much more correct stemmed words for each set of the experiment. The results also showed that Fuzzy Logic Ranking with Fatimah Stemmer has outperformed Fuzzy Logic Ranking with UniSZA Stemmer and English Porter Stemmer on 5 out of 8 Topic Set of query results on the Mean Average Precision measure. Fuzzy Logic Ranking with Fatimah Stemmer also gets the best result on the Precision at Rank 10, Mean Average Precision and the percentage of no relevant document in the top ten retrieved measures, on the topic that has most queries which is topic 'Umum' that has a total of 11 queries. � 2018 IEEE.

Sclerotium rolfsii is one of the most destructive soil-borne pathogen of chili plant (Capsicum annum) causing damping-off, stem rot, root rot, southern blight and wilt diseases. Severely infected chili plant diseases could reduce the quality and quantity of chili produce resulting in economic loss. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) are reported to have antifungal activity. However, very little information is known on antifungal activity against S. rolfsii. Hence, the objectives of this study were to identify the LAB species isolated from fermented catfish and to determine antifungal activities of the isolated LAB against S. rolfsii. Identification of LAB from fermented catfish was done by API 50 CHL and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The identified isolates were Lactobacillus plantarum with different strains name such as JCM 1149, WCFS1 strain WCFS1 and strain NRRL B-14678. In this study, nine cultures of Cell Free Supernatant (CFS-LAB) were tested for antifungal activity on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA). Results showed that four of Lb. plantarum strains from fermented catfish showed greater inhibitory activity (60% to 64.7%) against S. rolfsii after incubation at 28�C for three days compared with the control treatment (S. rolfsii growth in PDA without CFS-LAB). Active compound present in the crude supernatant was partially purified using ammonium sulphate precipitation method were tested at different temperatures, pH and enzymes. The proteins of LAB bacteriocins were analysed by electrophoresis and band of interest were identified by Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) based on peptide sequencing. Findings of study confirmed that the antifungal activity of Lb. plantarum was chitin-binding protein and was effectively acted as biocontrol agent against fungal infection in chili plant. � 2018, Malaysian Society of Applied Biology. All rights reserved.

Respiratory activity inhibition by toxic compounds in bacteria and yeast has been used to detect toxic compounds in the environment. Often the age of culture contributes towards the sensitivity of detection. In the present work, the effect of growth period on the sensitivity of an inhibitive assay for heavy metals using bacterial respiratory assay system based on the reduction of the water soluble tetrazolium dye MTT is reported. A silver-sensitive isolate was discovered to exhibit different sensitivities towards silver at different growth periods. An exponential decay model adequately described the inhibition due to silver. Analysis using ANOVA with post-hoc Tukey's test showed that the IC 50 obtained by strain DRYS8 grown at the 12 hr-period in nutrient broth at 287deg;C gave the lowest value compared to other growth periods. This study highlights the importance of taking into accounts growth conditions and age of culture in developing cellular-based bioassays. � Triveni Enterprises, Lucknow (India).

The policy of teaching and learning of Mathematics and Science subjects in English was decided in 2002 and implemented in the following year. After five years of using pupils' second language in learning these two highly cognitional subjects, the policymaker attempted to reconsider the medium of examination for the 2008 Primary School Achievement Test. On 27 October 2007, the then Prime Minister made a surprise announcement that the test for these two subjects would continue to be set in dual languages, namely, English and the respective mother-tongues. The main objective of this framing study was to explore the frames dominantly portrayed by policymakers, movements, and other parties involved. A content analysis on daily newspapers of the four languages was conducted for a period of one month after the above-mentioned announcement was made. This research adopted the format of Semetko and Valkenburg (2000) in scrutinising framing from "responsibility," "conflict," "morality," "economic consequences," and "human interest" perspectives. The research findings met the objective of establishing the source frames. The policy frame is more responsible in nature, while the movement frame is more confrontational and the editorial frame tends to highlight the morality aspect of life. The reader frame is deemed to be somewhat close to the movement for its aggressiveness. � Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.