Browsing by Author "Ahmad Nazrun Shuid"
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Publication Combined Effects Of Eurycoma Longifolia And Calcium On Bone Metabolism Of Orchidectomised Male Rats(Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 2013) ;Nadia Mohd EffendyAhmad Nazrun ShuidOsteoporosis is characterized by low bone mass and destruction of bone microarchitecture. Androgen deficiency or hypogonadismisone of the major risk factors of osteoporosis in men. Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is the main treatment for hypogonadal osteoporosis but may cause side effects such as prostate cancer and cardiovascular diseases. An alternative treatment is required, with similar efficacy but minimal side effects. Eurycoma longifoliais a herbal plant that may have potential in treating osteoporosis, especial-ly if it is supplemented with calcium. This study was conducted to determine the combinational effects of Eurycoma longifoliaand cal-cium on the bone markers and biomechanical strength of orchidectomised male rats. A total of 48 rats were randomly divided into 6 groups; sham-operated control (SHAM), orchidectomised control (ORX), orchidectomised + 8mg/kg testosterone (TES), orchidecto-mised + 15mg/kg Eurycoma longifolia(EL), orchidectomised + 1% calcium (Ca) and orchidectomised + combination of 15mg/kg EL and 1% calcium (EL+Ca). Treatment was given for a period of 6 weeks and blood samples were taken prior and after the treatment to measure osteocalcin and CTX levels. The rats were euthanized after 6 weeks and femora were dissected for biomechanical analysis.The osteocalcin levels did not show any significant changes, while the CTX levels were significantly increased in the ORX group but de-creased in the other groups. The strain parameter of the EL+Ca was significantly lower than the EL group. In conclusion, single supple-mentation of EL was better than combination with calcium in terms of the bone remodeling and strength of orchidectomised rats. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication The Effects Of Labisia Pumila On Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Rat Model: Dose And Time-dependent Micro-CT Analysis.(IOS Press, 2014) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy ;Mohd Fadhli Khamis ;Ima Nirwana SoelaimanAhmad Nazrun ShuidAbstract: BACKGROUND: Postmenopausal osteoporosis is best treated and prevented by estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Although effective, ERT may cause breast cancer, uterine cancer and cardiovascular problems. Labisia pumila var. alata (LP), a herb with phytoestrogenic, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects has potential as an ERT alternative. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate micro-CT analysis on the effects of LP supplementation on the trabecular microarchitecture of postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. Micro-CT is an effective tool in detecting changes in trabecular bone structure and providing a three dimensional information which may replace other conventional bone analysis methods. METHODS: Ninety-six female Sprague-Dawley rats (4 to 5 months old) were randomly divided into six groups of baseline group (BL) Sham-operated (Sham), ovariectomised control (OVXC), ovariectomised with 64.5 μg/kg of Premarin (ERT), ovariectomised with 20 mg/kg of LP (LP20) and ovariectomised with 100 mg/kg of LP at (LP100). The vehicle (deionized water), Premarin and LP were given via daily oral gavages for three, six and nine weeks of treatment periods. Rats in BL group were euthanized before the start of the study, while other rats were euthanized after completion of their treatments. Femora were dissected out and trabecular bone microarchitecture analysed with micro-CT. RESULTS: Micro-CT analysis of OVXC rats revealed significant osteoporotic changes in connectivity density, trabecular bone volume, trabecular thickness, trabecular separation and trabecular number. Both ERT and LP were able to reverse all the OVX-induced bone changes with the best results seen with 100 mg/kg of LP for nine weeks duration of treatment. CONCLUSION: Micro-CT provides accurate and reliable information on trabecular bone parameters which aid in the diagnosis and treatment of osteoporosis. LP supplementation at 100 mg/kg was more effective than ERT in reversing ovariectomy-induced bone changes. Further studies are required to explore the potential of LP as ERT alternative in the treatment and prevention of postmenopausal osteoporosis. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication The Effects Of Tualang Honey On Bone Metabolism Of Postmenopausal Women.(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2012) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy ;Norazlina Mohamed ;Norliza Muhammad ;Isa Naina MohamadAhmad Nazrun ShuidOsteoporosis which is characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural deterioration with a consequent increase in bone fragility can be associated with various stimuli such as oxidative stress and inflammation. Postmenopausal women are more prone to osteoporosis due to reduction in estrogen which may further lead to elevation of oxidative stress and lipid accumulation which will promote osteoblasts apoptosis. Proinflammatory cytokines are elevated following estrogen deficiency. These cytokines are important determinants of osteoclasts differentiation and its bone resorption activity. The main treatment for postmenopausal osteoporosis is estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Despite its effectiveness, ERT, however, can cause many adverse effects. Therefore, alternative treatment that is rich in antioxidant and can exert an anti-inflammatory effect can be given to replace the conventional ERT. Tualang honey is one of the best options available as it contains antioxidant as well as exerting anti-inflammatory effect which can act as a free radical scavenger, reducing the oxidative stress level as well as inhibiting proinflammatory cytokine. This will result in survival of osteoblasts, reduced osteoclastogenic activity, and consequently, reduce bone loss. Hence, Tualang honey can be used as an alternative treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with minimal side effects. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Eurycoma Longifolia Upregulates Osteoprotegerin Gene Expression In Androgen-deficient Osteoporosis Rat Model(BioMed Central Ltd., 2012) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy ;Ahmad Nazrun Shuid ;Eman El-arab ;Halimaton Saadiah Abdul Razak ;Norliza Muhammad ;Norazlina MohamedIma Nirwana SoelaimanBackground:Eurycoma longifolia(EL) has been shown recently to protect against bone calcium loss inorchidectomised rats, the model for androgen-deficient osteoporosis. The mechanism behind this is unclear but it may be related to its ability to elevate testosterone levels or it may directly affect bone remodeling. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanism involved by investigating the effects of EL extract on serum testosteronelevels, bone biomarkers, biomechanical strength and gene expression of Receptor Activator of Nuclear Factorkappa-B ligand (RANKL), Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor (MCSF) inorchidectomised rats.Methods:Thirty-two male Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into: Sham-operated group (SHAM);orchidectomised-control group (ORX); orchidectomised and given 15 mg/kg EL extract (ORX + EL) andorchidectomised and given 8 mg/kg testosterone (ORX + T). The rats were treated for 6 weeks. The serum levels oftestosterone, osteocalcin and C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX) were measured using the ELISA technique. The femoral bones were subjected to biomechanical testing. The tibial bone gene expressions of RANKL,OPG and MCSF were measured using the branch DNA technique.Results:The post-treatment level of testosterone was found to be significantly reduced by orchiectomy (p < 0.05).Both ORX + EL and ORX + T groups have significantly higher post-treatment testosterone levels compared to theirpre-treatment levels (p < 0.05). The bone resorption marker (CTx) was elevated after orchiectomy but was suppressed after treatment in the ORX + EL and ORX + T groups (p < 0.05). There was no significant finding for the femoral biomechanical parameters. The tibial OPG gene expression in the ORX group was significantly lower compared to the SHAM and ORX + EL groups (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Supplementation with EL extract elevated the testosterone levels, reduced the bone resorption markerand upregulated OPG gene expression of the orchidectomised rats. These actions may be responsible for the protective effects of EL extract against bone resorption due to androgen deficiency. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Eurycoma Longifolia: Medicinal Plant In The Prevention And Treatment Of Male Osteoporosis Due To Androgen Deficiency(Hindawi Publishing Corporation, 2012) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy ;Norazlina Mohamed ;Norliza Muhammad ;Isa Naina MohamadAhmad Nazrun ShuidOsteoporosis in elderly men is now becoming an alarming health issue due to its relation with a higher mortality rate compared to osteoporosis in women. Androgen deficiency (hypogonadism) is one of the major factors of male osteoporosis and it can be treated with testosterone replacement therapy (TRT). However, one medicinal plant, Eurycoma longifolia Jack (EL), can be used as an alternative treatment to prevent and treat male osteoporosis without causing the side effects associated with TRT. EL exerts proandrogenic effects that enhance testosterone level, as well as stimulate osteoblast proliferation and osteoclast apoptosis. This will maintain bone remodelling activity and reduce bone loss. Phytochemical components of EL may also prevent osteoporosis via its antioxidative property. Hence, EL has the potential as a complementary treatment for male osteoporosis - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication An Evidence-based Review Of Micro-CT Assessments Of The Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model(Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2015) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy ;Nurul Izzah Ibrahim ;Norazlina MohamedAhmad Nazrun ShuidMicro-CT (μCT) is a high resolution imaging tool that is generally used in animal studies. This review evaluates the effectiveness of μCT in assessing bone changes in the postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to identify relevant studies on μCT and postmenopausal osteoporotic bone changes. A comprehensive search via the two databases; Medline via OVID Medline and Scopus was conducted for relevant studies published between 1994 and 2014. The results were limited to research articles published in English, that reported on the association between μCT findings and bone changes in the postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. Studies were excluded if they were duplicated, did not use an ovariectomized-induced postmenopausal rat model and did not focus on μCT as the primary outcome. The literature search identified 182 potentially relevant articles that were later limited to 22 studies based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Fourteen in vitro μCT studies, 7 in vivo μCT studies and one report that combined both in vitro and in vivo μCT studies were included in this review. Of all these studies, 8 studies used μCT alone in assessing bone changes while the remaining studies used μCT analyses together with histomorphometry, DXA and pQCT which enabled a comparison of effectiveness. All the studies reported positive roles of μCT in evaluating bone quality. This evidence-based review highlights the ability of μCT to not only assess bone microarchitecture but also bone mineral density and bone strength. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Micro-ct Assessments Of Potential Anti-osteoporotic Agents(Bentham Science Publisher, 2013) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy, ;Mohd Fadhli Khamis,Ahmad Nazrun ShuidBone quality assessment is important in assessments of potential agents for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Bone density, microarchitecture and strength are important determinants in osteoporotic study which are widely studied using Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DXA), histomorphometry and radiological imaging techniques. In recent years, high resolution micro-CT has become feasible for in vitro or in vivo evaluation of bone architecture. Three-dimensional images of micro-CT reflected high correlations with the conventional histomorphometry and DXA. In comparison to other imaging techniques, micro-CT is the most effective tool in detecting early bone changes for fracture prediction and assessments of potential anti-osteoporotic agents. It is crucial to define an ideal setting with safe radiation doses and appropriate methods for image reconstruction and segmentation to obtain high resolution images. Micro-CT evaluation provides a better insight of bone structure as well as non-metric parameters such as connectivity density, structural model index (SMI) and degree of anisotropy (DA). This non- invasive imaging technique is also equipped with finite element analysis for evaluation of bone biomechanical strength. Micro-CT allows a compressive understanding of the relationships between bone density, microarchitecture and strength which is fundamental to development of pharmacological interventions. Keywords: Anti-osteoporotic agents, bone architecture, bone quality, micro-CT, osteoporosis, radiology. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Time And Dose- Dependent Effects Of Labisia Pumila On The Bone Strength Of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model(BioMed Central, 2015) ;Nadia Mohd Effendy ;Shahrum Abdullah ;Mohd Faridz Mod YunohAhmad Nazrun ShuidBackground: Post-menopausal osteoporosis has long been treated and prevented by estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Despite its effectiveness, ERT is associated with serious adverse effects. Labisia pumila var. alata (LP) is a herb with potential as an alternative agent to ERT due to its phytoestrogenic, antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects on bone. This study aimed to determine the effects of LP supplementation on bone biomechanical strength of postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model. Methods: Ninety-six female Sprague–Dawley rats aged 4 to 5 months old were randomly divided into six groups; six rats in the baseline group (BL) and eighteen rats in each group of; Sham- operated (Sham), ovariectomised control (OVXC) and ovariectomised with daily oral gavages of Premarin at 64.5 μg/kg (ERT), LP at 20 mg/kg (LP20) and LP at 100 mg/kg (LP100) respectively. These groups were subdivided into three, six and nine weeks of treatment periods. Rats in BL group were euthanized before the start of the study, while other rats were euthanized after completion of their treatments. Femora were dissected out for biomechanical strength analysis using Instron Universal Model 5848 Micro Tester. Results: OVXC group showed deterioration in the bone biomechanical strength with time. Both ERT and LP supplemented rats showed improvements in bone strength parameters such as maximum load, displacement, stiffness, stress, and Young Modulus. The most improved bone strength was seen in rats given LP at the dose of 100 mg/kg for nine weeks. Conclusion: LP supplementation at 100 mg/kg was more effective than ERT in reversing ovariectomy-induced bone biomechanical changes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Time And Dose-dependent Effects Of Labisia Pumila On Bone Oxidative Status Of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model(MDPI, 2014) ;Nadia Mohd EffendyAhmad Nazrun ShuidPostmenopausal osteoporosis can be associated with oxidative stress and deterioration of antioxidant enzymes. It is mainly treated with estrogen replacement therapy (ERT). Although effective, ERT may cause adverse effects such as breast cancer and pulmonary embolism. Labisia pumila var. alata (LP), a herb used traditionally for women’s health was found to protect against estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. An extensive study was conducted in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model using several LP doses and duration of treatments to determine if anti-oxidative mechanisms were involved in its bone protective effects. Ninety-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups; baseline group (BL), sham-operated (Sham), ovariectomised control (OVXC), ovariectomised (OVX) and given 64.5 μg/kg of Premarin (ERT), ovariectomised and given 20 mg/kg of LP (LP20) and ovariectomised and given 100 mg/kg of LP (LP100). The groups were further subdivided to receive their respective treatments via daily oral gavages for three, six or nine weeks of treatment periods. Following euthanization, the femora were dissected out for bone oxidative measurements which include superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Results: The SOD levels of the sham-operated and all the treatment groups were significantly higher than the OVX groups at all treatment periods. The GPx level of ERT and LP100 groups at the 9th week of treatment were significantly higher than the baseline and OVX groups. MDA level of the OVX group was significantly higher than all the other groups at weeks 6 and 9. The LP20 and LP100 groups at the 9th week of treatment had significantly lower MDA levels than the ERT group. There were no significant differences between LP20 and LP100 for all parameters. Thus, LP supplementations at both doses, which showed the best results at 9 weeks, may reduce oxidative stress which in turn may prevent bone loss via its anti-oxidative property