In the early nineteenth century, modern scholars began to explore materials of Quranic studies within the framework of a historical-critical method. Novel arguments were presented in challenging the traditional account of the formation of the Quran with a various range of theory. It seems that the most radical assessment was demonstrated by John Wansbrough in his exceptional works, Quranic Studies: Sources and Methods of Scriptural. The literary analysis employed by John Wansbrough in his study on the Quran lead to a novel historic inference. This article aims to explore the theory of late crystallization of the Quran as proposed by John Wansbrough. This study is the qualitative research in which the researcher uses the study of the comparative text analysis. The resulting study asserts that Wansbrough’s theory is a new discovery which has given the new impact and the new path in the Quranic studies. His conclusion is not accepted by all scholars. Some scholars regarded Wansbrough’s evidence that he used as an argument is not absolutely convincing.

At the time of Abbasid Empire, the Caliph’s court seems to give serious attention in safeguarding the prophethood of Muḥammad and supporting the development of ḥadīth literature. Not only had the Muslims scholar, his own Caliph also produced a work on Islamic Prophetology. Caliph al-Ma’mūn (d. 218/833) has been documented as one of the Abbasid Caliph that produced a work known as Risāla fī Aʿlām al-Nubuwwa. In fact, the Abbasid ruler were also identified as participating in ḥadīth discourse and praising for the ḥadīth colloquy. This actions clearly exhibit the court’s patronage of ḥadīth discourse. In his account, Ibn al-Samʿānī records that al-Manṣūr (d. 158/775), al-Rashīd (d. 193/809) and al-Ma’mūn (d. 218/833) were among the Abbasid Caliphate’s supporters who extolled the ḥadīth colloquium. This study aims to explore the Abbasid’s court and community influence on the development of ḥadīth discourse and Islamic Prophetology. The study is qualitative in nature, in which the researcher employed both critical and analytical analysis on Islamic sources related to the subject. It is indeed an arduous task to sift the enormous amount of Islamic sources, thus, this study is focuses on works produced within the ninth century as its parameter of study. The study in its finding confirms that the Abbasid court appears as playing significant role to safeguarding the prophethood of Muḥammad and expanding ḥadīth literature. The study also ascertains salient evidences bearing witnesses to Muslim and non-Muslim encounters concerning the prophethood of Muḥammad that contribute to the development of Islamic discourse on the subject. Keywords: Abbasid, ḥadīth literature, Islamic prophetology, Muhammad’s prophethood

Modern studies of the origin of sīrah nabawiyyah have traced and suggested the existence of influence of previous scriptures and their elements within the sīrah narrative. The extraordinary speed and marks of physical maturity in Prophet Muḥammad’s wet-nurse period with Halimah, which, according to Raven, indicates a parallel occurrence with Jesus' precocity in the Gospels of the Infancy. Besides, Muslim scholars such as Ibn Hishām was found to consistently make parallel comparison between Muḥammad and Moses in his work. This study aims to explore the narratives of Prophet Muḥammad’s early life, with special focus to his period with Ḥalīmah al-Sa’diyyah and analyse the use of Quranic reference in the narrative. The study is qualitative in nature in which the researcher employed critical and textual analysis to examine the story. The present study in its finding proposes that there are two possible reasons which lead Ibn Hishām to adduce verse 28:12 of the Quran as his reference to the account of Muḥammad’s time as a suckling infant. The first is to elucidate lexical obscurity in the narration of Ibn Isḥāq. And the second is to give credence to the similarity between the accounts of two prophets, Muḥammad and Moses.

There are a lot of hadith were narrated from the Prophet (S.A) that emphasize the factors of the unity of the Ummah and desire it and warn strongly about the separation and fragmentation in the Ummah. This paper aims to study and analyze some of those hadiths, by using descriptive and analytical approach. Result of this study shows that the Messengers of Allah was very concern for the unity of Ummah as his concern for Iman, Out of his concern for the unity of Ummah he established the pillars of unity in the Ummah, and chose a policy of enticement and intimidation towards those who separate the Ummah and disperse its unity.