Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of anaemia among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) at primary care settings and its associated factors. Design, setting and participants This cross-sectional study involved 808 adult patients with T2DM and CKD who were recruited via systematic sampling from 20 public primary care clinics in Peninsular Malaysia. Their sociodemographic, clinical and biomedical profiles were collected through interviews, examination of medical records and blood testing. Results The prevalence of anaemia was 31.7% (256/808). The anaemia was mainly mild (61.5%) and normocytic normochromic (58.7%). About 88.7% of the patients with anaemia were not known to have anaemia prior to the study. Among 36 patients with documented history of anaemia, 80.6% were still anaemic, and only a half received iron therapy. Multivariate regression analysis showed that women (adjusted odd ratio (AOR): 1.57, 95% CI: 1.12 to 2.21, p=0.009) and those with older age (AOR: 1.04, 95% CI: 1.01 to 1.06, p<0.001), CKD stage 3a (AOR: 2.47; 95% CI: 1.25 to 4.87, p=0.009), CKD stage 3b (AOR: 4.36; 95% CI: 2.14 to 8.85, p<0.001), CKD stage 4 (AOR: 10.12; 95% CI: 4.36 to 23.47, p<0.001), CKD stage 5 (AOR: 10.80; 95% CI: 3.32 to 35.11, p<0.001) and foot complication (AOR 3.12, 95% CI: 1.51 to 6.46, p=0.002) were more likely to have anaemia. Having higher body mass index (AOR 0.95, 95% CI: 0.92 to 0.99, p=0.012) and higher diastolic blood pressure (AOR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95 to 0.99, p<0.001) were associated with lower odds to have anaemia. Conclusion Anaemia among patients with T2DM and CKD in primary care was common, and the majority was unrecognised. Inadequate treatment of anaemia was also prevalent. Therefore, screening of anaemia should be incorporated into the routine assessment of diabetic complications particularly for those with significant associated factors. It is hoped that such strategy could lead to early treatment and hence improve their overall care.

Introduction: This study is part the Investigator Initiated Research (IIR) project under the mental health suicide and para suicide cluster. Self-harm is an important predictor of suicide and leaves a significant long-lasting psychological effect. Despite the increasing prevalence of rate of self-harm, very little research had been done in Asian countries. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence of self-harm in selected hospitals, demographic profiles and factors associated with development of self-harm. Methods: This is a multi-centred cross sectional study. Six months of data collection was performed between the 1st November 2013 and 30th April 2014. All cases that were identified to have carried out Self-Harm were interviewed using The World Health Organization (WHO) SUPRE-MISS Questionnaire Annexe 1 which had been adapted to the Malaysian culture by the research committee members. Results: A total of 99 samples were obtained for this study. They mostly came from low socioeconomic background. Majority of the patients were females, and this was consistent with studies worldwide. Poisoning by pesticides was the most frequent method of choice and about 30% of the patients had previous attempts. Conclusion: Sociodemographic factors play a significant role in self-harm. It is important to know the sociodemographic profile to identify which group of people are at risk and intervention can be focused. � 2019 UPM Press. All rights reserved.