The purpose of this paper was to analyse the selected antioxidants that are stated in the Qurʾān. The focus of this research is on the pattern of selected antioxidants in the context of Makkī and Madani āyahs to facilitate a better understanding of the concept of antioxidant in the Qurʾān. This study is a qualitative study and the approach is content analysis. Data collected through the methods of content and document analysis are thematically analysed using descriptive and analytical methods. Findings demonstrate that the pattern of antioxidants is stated in certain groupings. Further, the antioxidants are mostly stated in the context of Makkī āyahs. The implication of this study establishes that the Qurʾān discusses different issues of the antioxidants in the two contexts and the Qurʾānic consistency in the use of terminology proves a miraculous aspect of the Qurʾān.

A novel colorimetric method based on polyaniline (PANI) film for the development of smart packaging, as a chemical sensor for real-time monitoring of the microbial breakdown products in the headspace of packaged fish is described. This on-package indicator contains PANI film, that responds through visible color change to a variety of basic volatile amines (specifically known as total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN)) released during fish spoilage period. The PANI film characteristics and its response to TVBN were studied. A kinetic approach was used to correlate the ammonia response of the PANI film to that of the fish spoilage. Color changes, in terms of total color difference of PANI, correlated well with TVBN levels of fish. Apart from TVBN, trials on milkfish sample (Chanos chanos) have verified that the PANI film response also correlates well with microbial growth patterns in fish samples, especially the changing microbial populations (total viable count (TVC) and Pseudomonas spp.). These responses enabled the real-time monitoring of fish spoilage either at various constant temperatures or with temperature fluctuations. The PANI film can be recycled several times using an acid solution to regenerate the PANI surface. Thus, PANI film can be considered as a low-cost sensor suitable for smart packaging applications.