Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a highly versatile compound to be used in sensing components due to their unique physicochemical and optical properties. Due to its flexibility for surface conjugation, glutathione disulfide-linked gold nanoparticle (AuNP-GSSG) was produced in this study to assess its sensing performance as a colorimetric sensor for human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG). Spectroscopic characterization of AuNP-GSSG confirmed the conjugation of GSSG onto the surfaceofAuNPs.AuNP-GSSGalsoshowedhighsensoryperformancewithgoodlinearityandlowdetectionlimit.However,due to the high percentage of interference, usage of AuNP-GSSG as an HCG sensor requires further pre-treatment step to reduce the interference and increase the sensor accuracy.

Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) are attractive materials that are widely used in many fields due to the unique optical, physical and chemical properties. Recently, many advancements were made in biomedical applications as a smart sensing device with better biocompatibility in disease diagnosis. GNPs could be prepared and conjugated with many functionalizing thorough chemical and biosynthesis. Qualitative analysis on several related articles manage to investigate the synthesis of gold nanoparticles, including surface functionalization with a wide range of molecules to improve the applications of gold nanoparticles in targeting drugs in various cancers, gene therapy and other diseases.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a derivative of cellulose that shares most of its chemical and physical properties while also Possessing solubility in water and most organic solvents, because of these unique properties CMC was used in this research to produce CMC aerogel at different concentrations of CMC (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%), the prepared CMC was then carbonised at different temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C) and for different durations of 1 hour and 2 hours to produce CMC carbon aerogel and to study the effect of different experimental parameters on the weight loss in the carbonised CMC aerogel. At low to mid-range temperatures of carbonisation we can observe a decreasing pattern in mass loss as the concentration is increased and this due to the physical properties of CMC aerogel while at higher temperatures it is observed that higher concentration of CMC yielded a higher weigh loss due to the completion of the carbonisation and decomposition of CMC aerogel. The different experimental parameters had a clear effect on the weight loss of the prepared CMC carbon aerogel.