The 4 th Global Biodiversity Outlook produced by the Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 (CBD 1992) has presented the current status of wildlife globally; the species recorded as 'endangered' has further reduced in their population size, some declared as extinct, while more species is projected to be downgraded to 'threatened' status. As a party to the CBD 1992, Malaysia is responsible to take action in preserving the endangered species. This paper examines the current Malaysian legal framework in protecting and preserving the Marine Endangered Species (MES) and their habitat through content analysis of two Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), United Nation Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 (UNCLOS 1982), three national policies and seven legislations relevant to MES and their habitat protection. It was found that the National Biodiversity Policy 2016-2025 and the National Policy on the Environment 2002 places adequate measures that must be taken, especially on legislative matters. It was observed that the Wildlife Conservation Act 2010, International Trade in Endangered Species Act 2008 and the Fisheries Act 1985 provided adequate protection to the MES but not on their habitat. The Environmental Quality Act 1984 and the Merchant Shipping Ordinance 1952 provides for environmental protection but do not specifically protect MES habitat. This reflects the laws protecting the MES and their habitat are sectoral in nature. It was also observed that coastal areas vital to the turtle nesting is under individual State law and where the Federal law has no jurisdiction. These legislative barriers must be overcome to ensure the MES residing in Malaysian waters can preserve its population and avoid extinction. As a conclusion, it can be observed that Malaysia is party to a number of conservation related MEAs. The national policies are clear in its intent to increase the protection of MES and their habitat. Nevertheless, the current sectorial nature of the legislations does not fully reflect the intent of the national policies. It is recommended that a comprehensive umbrella law to adequately protect the MES and their habitat should be enacted urgently. � Penerbit UMT.

Introduction: Methadone maintenance treatment is effective in reducing opiate use, related crime and HIV risk behaviors. However, the number of patients dropping out of treatment or continue misusing drugs are significant. Primary screening of such patients could be useful in the development of guidelines targeted to prevent such incident. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of good treatment responders and whether socio-demographic factors and methadone dosage are associated with good responses. Methods: Respondents were studied from November 2009 until April 2010 and involved all patients that had undergone methadone therapy from November 2005 to November 2009. Data was obtained from medical and pharmacy records. Missing data was obtained directly from patients via direct interviewing. Patients were considered to have a good response if they stay in the programme and have negative urinalysis result within 6 months of enrolment. Results: 66 out of 104 patients have a good response in methadone therapy. There is an association between good response in methadone therapy and educational level (p=0.045) and district of origin (p=0.041). However, there were no associations with methadone dosage. Conclusion: Higher educational level of at least secondary school education was found to be a good predictor of good response to methadone therapy. Patients who originated from nearby areas have better outcomes. This could be due to the direct observation therapy which could have an effect on non-compliance of patients who lived far away. This suggests the need to provide methadone therapy in local areas for better accessibility and compliance. 2019 UPM Press. All rights reserved.