Pembentukan Pekan Papan, salah sebuah pekan lama perlombongan bijih timah di Lembah Kinta, Perak, berkait rapat dengan perkembangan aktiviti ekonomi yang menunjukkan perkembangan budaya campur antara kaum di Malaysia. Senario ini dapat dilihat melalui penciptaan bangunan yang dikelilingi oleh landskap kawasan perlombongan bijih timah, struktur bandar terancang dan kekayaan ciri seni bina yang menentukan nilai budayanya. Pada masa ini, keadaan bangunan tersebut terabai disebabkan oleh pembandaran pesat dan pemasukan bandar yang tidak terkawal, yang telah mengancam pekan lama walaupun struktur dan sifat tersendiri bandar itu mengusang. Makalah ini memfokuskan cara strategi pemuliharaan bekas pekan perlombongan bijih timah di Malaysia yang merupakan antara sebab entiti warisan budaya rakyat Malaysia dilindungi, yang boleh dihasilkan dengan mengkaji ciri fizikal elemennya. Dengan menggunakan kaedah kajian kualitatif, penyelidikan ini meneroka, mengenal pasti dan menilai elemen ketara dengan meninjau semula definisi dan konsep sifat fizikal serta nilai budaya daripada perspektif pemuliharaan bandar menyifatkan identiti sesuatu tempat melalui pemahaman faktor kejelasan. Kajian ini penting untuk memahami ciri-ciri fizikal bekas pekan perlombongan bijih timah yang ada kini terbiar, mengusang dan mungkin akan musnah tidak lama lagi. Kajian ini akan memperkaya dokumentasi bersejarah dan strategi pemuliharaan dengan merangsang hubungan antara deria tempat dengan kualiti pengalaman berkaitan dengan aktiviti sosial dan budaya sebagai sebahagian daripada ciri keunikan pekan lama yang dapat dinikmati oleh pihak berkepentingan dan generasi masa depan.

Reviews of past literature indicate lack of visual privacy in the design of terrace housing in Malaysia, especially for urban Malay occupants with regulations and principles governing the privacy and modesty of self, family and house. However, previous studies did not specifically elaborate about the characteristics of visual privacy from Islamic perspective found lacking in the designs. The aim of this study is to examine how the current terrace housing design affects behavioural and daily life of urban Malay family, with regards to visual privacy and visual access satisfaction. The study, utilizes method in-depth interview and space syntax analyses. Findings indicates specific design aspect which effects the visual privacy satisfaction of Malay family. In addition, data highlight discrepancy of urf’ (customs) and design, resulting in lack of use of certain spaces and elements provided in the design.

Out of various architectural research methods ranging from quantitative and qualitative types, experimental field measurement type is mostly used compared to others due to its practicability. Therefore, there is a need to take into consideration the right step to follow to achieve the needed goal of using this type of methodology. However, this paper present processes and procedures of experimental field measurement for accurate research result(s). These processes include the selection of the right case study building, the use of viable and versatile devices and or equipment, re-calibration and verification for the reliability of the devices, proper launching and readout of the devices especially if the devices are data loggers and proper mounting of the devices for good recording purposes. The study also uncovered the limitation of this methodology despite its merits. The paper furthermore revealed an area where this methodology is mostly applicable.

Streets are the most ubiquitous public spaces, serving a multitude of functions which tied to an extremely narrow range of historical, geographical and cultural settings. Streets record and determine the history of city form, more than any other element of the urban infrastructure. It has attributors in making it a successful street with its own unique identity. However, in the present situation these attributes are almost eroded by the uncontrolled development and modernity. Streets in Malaysia's royal town are no exception from this issue. This paper attempts to review the attributes of the physical components in contributing to street character of Kuala Kangsar, the royal town of Perak, Malaysia. The study covers a thorough literature review of physical components and its elements to determine the most important components captured. From this in-depth review, the study managed to identify three prominent physical components which strongly influenced the physical character of street in royal town. The study reveals that building, landscape and street pattern are the most extrusive components among others. These physical components will create physical qualities such as attractiveness, visibility, permeability, legibility, human scale and safety in creating street characters that symbolize the historical and cultural context. Therefore, establishing these attributes help to preserve the unique and invaluable historical heritage that has become the identity of the place.

Comfort in an urban environment includes pleasant state of physiological, psychological and physical harmony between a human being and the environment, it is about the users’ satisfaction of the place. Fast expanding of urban development changes the street function and gives priority for vehicles, which effects in the urban fabric and cultural life of the city. It makes the walking environment in the street difficult and uncomfortable. Hence, the main aim of this paper is to explore the appearance of physical elements that contribute towards the comfortable character of a successful traditional street environment. The case study was conducted on Rainbow Street in Amman the capital city in Jordan. Mixed-method was used in this study which involved direct observation (visual and behavioral) and user perception (questionnaires and in-depth interviews). The result shows that physical elements that contribute the comfort character can be categorized into two main categories: landscape (pedestrian amenities and sidewalk) and building (building condition and building opening), therefore these elements must be taken into account in designing new street to increase the level of comfort for the street users.

Fast expanding of urban development changes the street function and gives priority for vehicles, which effects the urban fabric and cultural life of the city. It makes walking in the street difficult and uncomfortable. Hence, this research aims to explore the influence of landscape features towards comfort character of traditional streets in Amman, Jordan. The case study was Rainbow Street in Amman, the capital city in Jordan. Mixed-method approach was used in this study, which involved direct observation (visual and behavioural) and user perception (survey and in-depth interviews) techniques. The data was analysed through thematic analyses for qualitative data and descriptive statistics for quantitative data. The results show that landscape features that contribute towards comfort character could be divided into two main categories, namely, pedestrian amenities and sidewalk. This should be taken into consideration in the design of the existing and future streets in Jordan. � 2018 by MIP.

The philosophy of Illumination and the scientific knowledge of light show the significant impact to energy efficiency and the development of performance in a building. It is important to improve the intensity of daylight in classrooms through introducing various innovative design of window in order to reduce the non- performance behavior of students. Current study shows the illuminance level within the recommended range of 300 lx to 500 lx or higher reduced the students’ Arabic handwriting speed based on word per minute. Further in the process of ‘hafazan’ as a memorization process, reading and writing task must consider sufficient window to-wall ratio, optimum daylight level and reduce the glare effect at the position of ‘hafazan’ setting at 300mm height crossed leg (‘rehal’) working plane and 900mm table working plane as a comparison. This research had conducted at Kolej Genius Insan, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia, Nilai to identify the optimum illuminance level with window to-wall ratio of 30% and task performance at 300mm and 900mm working plane. Daylighting minimizes the artificial lighting with sensor or dimming strategies which can reduce by 19% during the passive daylight technique is applied. When the distribution of the daylight and illuminance level meet the uniformity at a lower working plane, the student’s performance is achieved within acceptable glare index. This optimum level of daylight performance range will benefit the designer to insert in the future of energy efficiency guideline and provide a sustainable building.

Lighting is desired for work and there is an impact on occupant satisfaction through their assessment with preferred luminous conditions in a daylit office. This study investigates whether the illuminance levels in office buildings meet the requirements for visual comfort based on existing guidelines through field measurements and surveys in government office buildings. This paper presents the literature that shows an overview of the investigation of daylight distribution, availability and illuminance levels in daylit offices. People’s awareness in luminous environments is captured by obtaining occupant’s feedback. A survey was conducted to find occupants’ responses to daylight availability by using four different open-plan layouts in office buildings. The acceptable illuminance levels are identified from the field study based on data measurement and HDR photo images, field surveys using questionnaires on occupants from different layouts in office buildings. This comparative study of daylight distribution in open-plan offices will provide the findings on preferred office layout and the occupant’s satisfaction through daylighting. It is observed that not all the office buildings have achieved Malaysian Standard 1525:2007 minimum WPI recommendation of 300–500 lux when electric lights are on. More than 60% of occupants, which are of different ages, genders and office activities showed the effect on visual discomfort in the office and the relationship between luminous conditions with activities and attitudes of people towards windows. The resulting key will provide the effects of daylighting on visual comfort, visual health and occupant satisfaction.

Starting in 2009 the government of Malaysia has stipulated that all government offices building to be incorporated with sustainable design features. However, the questions on the design still ponders and requires a research especially in the adoption of passive design strategies whether they have met the occupant visual comfort and taken all the consideration on the penetration of daylight. Qualitative survey has been conducted on the occupant’s perception toward visual comfort in selected working space and by using DAYSIM simulation to obtain an explicit comparison on the effect of glare inside the room to verify the survey analysis done earlier. Finding from the survey showed that 61.2% of the respondents agreed that there is glare from the windows of the office and 52.2% respondent agreed that internal shading reduced the discomfort glare from the windows. The research will be useful as basic recommendation on the indoor comfort environment especially for the occupant visual comfort in designing a government office building

Currently, the main environmental concerns encountered by most countries are energy and its consumption. A green lifestyle and energy efficiency (EE) could reduce daily energy consumption. Nevertheless, low awareness and knowledge of EE prevent proper green lifestyle practices to save energy and the environment. Thus, the study aims to examine building occupants’ EE and energy conservation awareness and practices based on Islamic perspectives. The study objectives are to examine the level of EE awareness and practices among Malaysian building occupants and incorporate the potential of Islamic teachings from al-Quran concerning energy consumption and conservation in the EE awareness campaigns. The study used the qualitative research method, which involved a literature review, observation, and narrative study. As a result, the significant relevance of EE awareness and practices along with Islamic teachings is explained further in this study. Moreover, instilling knowledge, creating awareness and encouraging occupants to implement EE practices, which consequently reduce energy demand and energy consumption, hence, mitigating the detrimental environmental impacts. The study is crucial in raising public awareness of the Islamic perspectives linked with energy conservation and provides a framework for future development plans that embody EE elements aligned with Islamic teachings.

Energy efficiency (EE) is crucial in addressing environmental issues and organisational performance. Energy awareness and knowledge is needed in promoting EE practices. This paper aims to review Maqasid Syariah (MS) knowledge in enhancing good EE practices, and the objectives are to investigate the EE awareness, knowledge and practices in Malaysia, plus to explore the importance of MS knowledge. Qualitative method was employed through literature review and narrative study. A conceptual model of the incorporation of MS knowledge into EE awareness and knowledge is introduced. This conceptual model could be implemented to develop an enhanced good EE practices among occupants.

This study investigates the potential of Islamic Courtyard Gardens (ICGs) to enhance social interaction and spiritual wellness within modern campus environments. While Islamic gardens have historically symbolized paradise and served as spaces for reflection and community, their role in contemporary architectural and urban planning, particularly within educational institutions, remains underutilised. This research addresses the gap by exploring how well-designed ICGs can foster social integration and spiritual wellness. The study focuses on case studies of two Islamic courtyards at the Tuanku Muhriz Islamic Center (TMIC) at Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) and Masjid Al-Azhar at Universiti Islam Selangor (UIS). The research methods include site observation and questionnaires survey. The key finding suggests that while the Al-Azhar Mosque courtyard garden better meets users' needs than TMIC, enhancing TMIC with seating, lighting, water features, and diverse vegetation could improve its appeal. While opinions on spiritual wellness are varied, there is strong agreement on the positive impact these spaces have in nurturing it. The study offers architectural and landscape insights to optimise ICGs in educational settings, advocating for their wider use to enhance social cohesion and well-being in academic communities.

Islamic religious school is an institution that integrates Quran hafazan (memorization) in the curriculum. Between 2011 to 2017, estimated that 900 new Islamic religious schools were established in Malaysia due to high demands. Designing a classroom layout that receives sufficient daylight is important because it influences the students’ task performance such as reading and writing. The standards recommend that any classrooms require an illuminance level between 300 lx to 500 lx when measured at working plane height between 800mm to 900mm, although the working plane height of rehal used for hafazan is between 250mm to 300mm. This study focused on the illuminance level measured at rehal working plane height for Arabic handwriting as a hafazan learning task in two selected standardised classrooms at Kolej Genius Insan. The students were required to rewrite the modified Balsam Alabdulkader-Leat (BAL) Arabic eye chart, where the students’ Arabic handwriting performance were evaluated based on their word per minute (wpm) scores. Both classrooms’ average illuminance level were 507 lx to 603 lx, which were too high based on standards and guidelines. The average Arabic handwriting scores for both classrooms were 9.4 and 12.6 wpm, which shows that the inefficient average illuminance level has caused the students’ performance to be very low. It can be concluded that the existing standardised classroom layout design was not suitable for hafazan learning tasks at rehal working plane height. Thus, the classroom layout design for Islamic religious schools needed further studies, which implicated the unsatisfied built environment of the classrooms and the school education for Islamic religious schools in Malaysia.

Given the long lifetime and high cost of the built environment, it is imperative that we plan for and create communities that are robust in the face of climate change. Occupancy detection systems are widely used to monitor and detect events for building management purposes. Effective adaptation in the built environment needs to be supported by robust policy and a range of incentives to ensure delivery on the ground and likewise the need for artificial intelligence (AI) to help in these intervention is of utmost importance. This study proposed the use of an indoor occupancy detection using ultrasonic and Carbon Dioxide Sensors to help determine the usability of energy by occupants in a buildings space. Current research has presented solutions to improve occupancy detection and estimation to enhance building performance. The majority of these solutions use occupant static or dynamic data and indoor metrological data to generate automated occupancy detection and estimation models to manage HVAC operation to ensure significant energy saving through programmable microcontroller via wi-fi or mobile application. These solutions have been proven to be economical through improved overall HVAC energy consumption efficiency compare to a traditional thermostat. However, recent investigation shows these solutions suffer from false human occupancy detection and poor estimation strategy. Incorrect detection was caused by technological hardware and research limitations. The estimation strategies are based on estimation and approximation without acknowledging the base of the assumption and resulting in excess energy consumption, especially when space is occupied by less designated occupancy. This study proposed a sensor fusion mechanism to accurately collect and analyze occupancy information to accurately classify occupancy as a space presence. The experimental analysis shows 89% accuracy of human occupancy detection without compromising occupancy privacy

This research focuses on the opportunity to integrate a few components of Islamic Building Principles (IBP) to improve the spatial quality of low-cost vertical housing in Malaysia, especially Projek Perumahan Rakyat (PPR) housing in Malaysia. As everyone is aware, PPR homes were able to meet the basic requirement in terms of housing and meet the basic need of occupants as a shelter. However, several major problems continue to exist, keeping the spatial quality in most PPR homes less than ideal. Therefore, this study examines which IBP components are most effective in enhancing spatial quality in PPR homes. The IBP elements act as a benchmark indicating Islam as a way of life. The major goal of this study is to determine which of the Islamic building principles (IBP) are important to a vertical housing development in Malaysia and to evaluate the extent to which these principles or Islamic guidelines have been incorporated to the existing vertical housing in Malaysia. Throughout the research, a literature review and systematic visual observation approach were used to achieve both research objectives. The main findings of this study shows that… (add 1 sentence of main finding). With the implementation of IBP elements and maqasid shariah as a guideline for housing design, the well-being and quality of life of much needed focus can be enhanced and improve.

Illuminance in spaces is important criteria in rating building performance. These also a strategy to develop some passive design criteria to meet the occupant visual comfort. The aim of this study is to investigate the fluctuation of the illuminance level and the impact of daylighting in an optimum performance zone. This study also investigates the effects of occupant density whether affect the illuminance level in two selected office buildings. Qualitative survey has been conducted on the occupant's perception toward visual comfort and obtaining the comparison on the glare effect by using IESVE computer simulation while visual test has been conducted involving selected workers. The maximum occupant density and physical conditions; window to wall ratio of 25%, 40% and 70% of typical office space were identified by using IESVE simulation. Findings from experiment of visual performance and daylighting simulation showed more than 50% occupancy in typical office room with 70% of WWR affected the extend of the daylight zone and the acceptable of illuminance level is not achieved. There high contract between 50% of the occupancy in a room is also changed the illuminance level of more than 26%. The findings contribute towards the improvement of an acceptable visual comfort ranges and design recommendations for optimum performance zone in a single office space in Malaysia. � 2018 Web Portal IOP. All rights reserved.

Acceptable illuminance level in spaces is essential for optimum task performance that requires visual efficiency such as reading and writing. Passive design strategies are developed to meet the occupants’ visual comfort such as optimizing the daylight source. Previous researcher highlighted the illuminance level in a space correlates with the occupants’ performance, where the illuminance level which is higher and lower than there commended by the guidelines decreases the overall performances of the respondents. The guidelines and standards highlighted the acceptable illuminance level in office and school are between 300 lux to 500 lux. Various methods have been developed to identify the reading and writing performances of occupants in relation to daylight and illuminance level. This paper aims to study suitable methods that can be developed in identifying the occupants’ reading and writing performances in daylight spaces. The most common method to measure the respondents’ writing performance is the speed (minute) and word per minute (wpm) of the respondents to complete the writing task such as Handwriting Speed Test (HST) and Detailed Assessment Speed Handwriting (DASH).Secondly is to explore the changes of illuminance level whether has relation to visual performance. Therefore, the visual test is conducted to identify the task performance within the range of acceptable illuminance level. The students achieved the high visual performance not at the recommended level of illuminance. The changes of illuminance level of30 percent had influenced the student’s visual performance. In order to control the lighting strategy, the lighting systems and sensors in learning spaces are suggested to stable the light intensity and contribute to energy consumption

Dalam merekabentuk bandar perlunya ruang-ruang terbuka bagi semua golongan yang berfungsi sebagai arena awam (public realm) dan tempat bersosial. Salah satu elemen tersebut yang membentuk sesebuah bandar adalah jalan. Namun, kepentinganya seolah-olah tidak dihiraukan kerana rekabentuk bandar hari ini masih memberi keutamaan kepada kenderaan bermotor. Senario ini masih dilihat di negara-negara membangun mahupun maju seperti Malaysia, China dan Amerika Syarikat. Justeru, penulisan ini bertujuan menjelaskan definisi jalan dan faktor yang mempengaruhi pembentukkannya dalam konteks bandar hasil imbasan kajian literature. Penemuan menunjukkan, fungsi jalan terlalu penting di dalam bandar sejak dahulu lagi dan pembangunan hari ini perlunya penjenamaan semula (rebranding) dalam rekabentuk jalan mengikut hiraki utama ‘pelanggannya’ dan keperluan masyarakat setempat.

There is lingering misconception about Islamic architecture that it is rarely used, or only used to portray Islamic aesthethics. Most buildings in USIM campus are lacking the elements of Islamic building principles, despite its statement that the development of the campus in USIM are driven by the philosophy of “Hablu Min Allah wa hablu Min al-Nās” which is portrayed through physical aspect of Islamic architecture. Thus, it is the focus of this study to address this misconception and vagueness. The aim of this study is; a) to identify the Islamic building principles (IBP) that shape the built environment, and b) to analyze how a student-centred campus building (SCCB) can be integrated with Islamic building principles. The main method of this study, which is quantitative method is used through a questionnaire survey distributed to frequent users of academic buildings in USIM including undergraduate students, postgraduate students and staffs regarding their spatial experience there and selected variables. The first objective of the study discovered that the definition of Islamic architecture for respondents are built environment that facilitates, fosters and stimulates Muslims’ ibadah (worship) activities and portrays actual realization of Islamic message, as well as integrates Islamic values into the built environment which represents Islamic culture and civilization. The second objective of the study highlights the importance of IBP, specifically the integration of; a) Fina, b) Interdependence, c) Privacy and d) Avoid harm in the design of a student centred campus building. Keywords: Islamic building principles, Islamic architecture, student-centred, campus building.

The living performance in sustainable development outline contributing factors towards efficiency, such as ecological, economic, health, and social integration. The performance of facade design must be emphasised to describe resilient living and access to mitigate the design of post-coronavirus disease (COVID-19) housing. The spread of the pandemic underlines the importance of providing quality of life and wellbeing in the building environment, hence highlighting a crucial need to improve indoor air quality and passive building performance to minimise the transmission of COVID-19 and indoor airborne diseases as a result of poor ventilation. The passive building performance and facade complement the energy demand and reduce heat gain. Currently, passive design and health are emphasised to link the environmental design approach and architecture and highlight the quality-of-life post-pandemic. The study aims to provide important healthy indoor strategies and passive building performance for open-plan home-office design, to investigate the open-plan home design with optimum thermal performance based on the passive indoor environment, and to examine the bioclimatic response and energy efficiency of home-office design during the pandemic. The responsiveness of bioclimatic and modular construction incorporated with the new home-office design aim to save energy through sustainable material. The Integrated Environmental Solutions Virtual Environment (IESVE) computer software was utilised using simulations involving ranges of illuminance levels in daylight and revealed the acceptable levels of between 300 lux to 500 lux for the home office area. The results demonstrated that the optimum range of solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC) of 0.46 and a U-value of 0.04 W/m2 K reduced the indoor temperature by 5 degrees Celsius during peak time and maintained the air-condition at 28 degrees Celsius, which was within thermal comfort level.