Toxoplasma gondii a tissue protozoan affecting one third of humanity has subpopulation structures in different geographical regions caused by less frequent sexual recombination and population sweeps. The majority of strains isolated in North America and Europe fall into one of three clonal lineages, referred to as types I, II, and III. So far, little is known about Toxoplasma strains in Africa. Ocular toxoplasmosis is an important complication of T. gondii infection in the immunocompetent. The present study aimed to determine the genotype of Toxoplasma strains from ocular toxoplasmosis patients in Benghazi, Libya. Blood from 43 patients clinically suspected of ocular toxoplasmosis were obtained and serologically screened for anti-Toxoplasma antibodies. 24 (55.8%) seropositive (IgG) samples were subjected to PCR to obtain T. gondii DNA. Only 6 (25%) samples had enough DNA and were genotyped through single locus nested-PCR-RFLP analysis based upon the SAG2 gene. The restriction pattern revealed the presence of genotype I in all samples. This is the first genotypic evidence (type I strain) based on single locus PCR-RFLP analysis for ocular toxoplasmosis cases from Benghazi, Libya.

Parasitic helminth infection is a global affliction affecting both of people and livestock causing significant economic loss. Control however has not been successful due to political neglect and the development of resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Novel alternative compounds are urgently needed which resulted in screening of largely plant based sources for anthelmintic property. Animals are also important sources for medicine. Milk which has been mentioned in holy texts is a wholesome food essential for growth and health. It has also been shown to promote health due to its balanced nutritive profile and presence of bioactive components. A systematic review was performed to investigate the anthelmintic effect of milk using five scientific databases; EBSCOhost, PUBMED, EMBASE, OVID, and SCOPUS. The search included any studies related to anthelmintic effects of milk specifically animal-based milk but not those related to milk production or plant-based milk. The search yielded 353 manuscripts but only 8 manuscripts were taken into consideration after reviewing their title, abstract and full paper using pre-determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Five articles demonstrated the anthelmintic effects of bovine milk in vitro and in vivo. One article reported antiparasitic effect in breast fed babies. One article demonstrated the superior anthelmintic effects of camel milk in vitro while cow, ewe and goat milk exhibited weak ovicidal only effects. In conclusion our systematic review yielded limited anecdotal evidence of anthelmintic property of milk. Bovine, human and camel milk showed good potential for future use in helminth control. However, the exact mechanism by which milk exhibited anthelmintic effect remains unclear. � 2017 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.