Ruby is one of the most precious gemstones on Earth that is always high in demand especially in the jewelry industries. Due to its high value and very expensive, a lot of imitation of ruby has been made. This results in the rising of more complicated issues as gemologists need to perform the grading valuation very carefully and precisely. The current and common grading techniques mostly depend on human vision, which eventually leads to error. This paper aims to analyze the clarity of rubies gemstones using Charge-Coupled Device (CCD). The CCD detects the light intensity and then convert the light intensity value into the voltage value. The CCD sensor is very special in its architecture design, consisting of more than 1000 very small pixels that are sensitive to light sources. Based on the previous research, CCD has high sensitivity to laser light source with wavelength range within 430 nm to 650 nm. This research is going to prove that CCD is able to detect the clarity of various grading of the pink to blood-red ruby stones.

Concrete is the main component in construction of civil infrastructure. However, deformation in concrete such as crack or void may occur either on its early stage or during its usage. Hence, concrete evaluation is a need in determining its strength and quality status. Direct Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity (UPV) method is the most common non-destructive measurement adopted to assess the condition of concrete structure. However, problems arise when there is limited accessible surface to probe the ultrasonic transducers. Hence, this project is undertaken to analyse ultrasonic NDT by utilising different arrangement of sensors on tested concrete. The simulation of the homogenous and non-homogenous concrete system will be done by using COMSOL Multiphysics software. The output signal obtained from the simulation is used for the image reconstruction by using the sensitivity mapping technique. The results are then validated by assessing the actual model of concrete structure using direct, indirect, and semi-direct UPV probing in order to get the exact location of defects. Preliminary result shows that proposed method can help to improve the defects determination in concrete structure.

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is a non-intrusive and non-invasive internal visualization tool that facilitates improved quantification by producing cross-sectional distribution information for any kind of multiphase flow. In a coal-fired power station, there are some concerning issues such as the sedimentation of pulverized coal in the piping system before it reaches the boiler system and the non-uniformity of its velocity, which contributes to a reduction in electricity generation and higher carbon dioxide emissions. The aim of this paper is to provide a review based on various research works on pulverized coal that utilized ECT system. This paper also consists of principle of ECT, image reconstruction, and velocity measurement. Further research and works will be executed based on the preliminary data gained to improve the existing works.

Non-destructive test (NDT) is widely used in industrial applications due to its reliability as well as flexibility. Rather than other methods, NDT is more suitable and practical to be performed in order to detect flaws and deterioration in concrete structures. This paper provides a review by studying various research works on concrete by performing ultrasonic technique NDT. In particular, the working principle of ultrasonic NDT, type of sensor and techniques adopted in ultrasonic NDT are briefly described in this paper. Further research based on preliminary data will be conducted to improve previous experimental work.

Electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) is categorized as a soft-field sensor which is non-invasive and non-intrusive instrument that can provide the visualization of cross-sectional distribution of any kind of multiphase flow. ECT would help in understanding the gas-solid flow interaction. This research is conducted to overcome some difficulties in measurement of gas-solid flows that exist in multiphase flows in pipelines or vessels such as the sedimentation of the solid and the velocity of the solid particles. Hence, the characterization of gas-solid two-phase flow by implementing an ECT system is necessary. Three objectives are set for this research which are the determination of an optimum frequency and amplitude for capacitance measurement of Poly-methyl methacrylate (PMMA) material by ECT system, the determination of the average solid velocity in gas-solid two-phase flow through cross-correlation method using Parseval’s theorem, and image reconstruction based on eight ECT sensors using Linear Back Projection (LBP) algorithm. This paper concise the theory of ECT system, existing works, proposed methodology, and the expected results.

This research discusses an application of Couple-Charge Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography (OPT) system. Tomography is a system that could capture a cross-sectional image based on sensor data scattered across the periphery of the examining device in non-invasive and non-intrusive framework. This project is focusing on how to quantify the level of object transparency based on CCD and mathematical modelling assessment. The objective of this project is to investigate the light refraction, reflection and absorption effect on object transparency. The study will include discussion on the light parameters and its mathematical expression. The voltage output measured by CCD defines the degree of intensity of light that is obtained after penetrating through different object transparency. In conclusion, this research has successfully proved the potential of CCD in OPT configuration to detect different size diameter of targeted transparent object which is the air bubble in non-flowing crystal-clear liquid.

This research discusses an application of Couple-Charge Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography (OPT) system. Tomography is a system that could capture a cross-sectional image based on sensor data scattered across the periphery of the examining device in the non-invasive and non-intrusive framework. This project focuses on quantifying the level of object transparency based on CCD and mathematical modelling assessment. The objective of this project is to investigate the light refraction, reflection and absorption effect on object transparency. The study will include a discussion on the light parameters and its mathematical expression. The voltage output measured by CCD defines the degree of intensity of light obtained after penetrating through different object transparency. In conclusion, this research has successfully proved the potential of CCD in OPT configuration to detect different size diameters of a targeted transparent object, which is an air bubble in non-flowing crystal-clear liquid.