IoT devices must provide seamless connectivity while meeting stringent power and size constraints. Network availability is a critical determinant of quality of service (QoS) delivered by the IoT System. This paper describes a series of simple experiments which study the impact of Denial of Service (DoS) on a IoT Sensor Node transmitting data to the cloud. The experiment will be used to develop future IoT Sensor Node implementation. The objective of this paper is to use experiments to unravel the negative impacts of DoS attacks on the IoT sensor nodes so as to place it on a strong research foundation. The results show that the impact of DoS is significant to IoT Sensor Node power consumption and network availability. � 2018 IEEE.

IoT devices must provide seamless connectivity while obeying stringent power and size constraints. Power consumption plays important factor to determine the status and connectivity of Sensor Node. This paper describes a series of simple experiments which measure the energy consumption of two IoT Sensor Nodes transmitting data to the cloud. The experiments will be used to compare the best solution between wire and wireless for IoT Sensor Nodes implementation. The experimental result shows that wireless connection consume more power compared to wire connection. Apart from comparison of two methods, the goal of this paper is also to develop a solid experimental basis, thus setting a better foundation for future research on IoT Sensor Nodes. � 2018 Association for Computing Machinery.

The primary role of language in a multiethnic society is to be an instrument of solidarity that unite people of various races through the sharing of thoughts, world views and cultures based on a country's national identity. However, the issue of upholding the rightful position of the national language in Malaysia is still on-going, whether at the level of the policy makers or that of the masses. Therefore, there is a need to identify the actual level of the national language in the present scenario in terms of three aspects, namely i) fluency, ii) recognition, and iii) sophistication in the use of the language. Hence, a study was conducted among 407 students of University of Malaya (UM), Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM), University of Selangor (UNISEL) and Multimedia University (MMU) using the Stratified Random Sampling method. The results of the analysis showed that the levels of fluency and recognition of the Malay language among IHE students are high. However, the level of sophistication in their use of the language is moderate. In fact, the overall ranking of the national language is also moderate. Thus, although the IHE students are fluent and they do recognise the national language, their levels of fluency and recognition are not very high. Instead, they have not fully mastered their skills in poetry, pantun and the use of proverbs, which are the benchmarks of sophistication in the use of the language. The implication is that after almost six decades of Malay language being formulated as the national language in the Federal Constitution, this language has yet to achieve its rightful position as a language that is not only being fluently spoken and recognised as the national language, but that is able to add to the aesthetic beauty of a language to show that it has its own level of dignity.Therefore, the scenario of upholding the national language in its rightful position among IHE students cannot be taken lightly because this generation will determine the pattern of stable social relations and the vitality of the national language in the civilization of Malaysia. � 2017, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Press. All rights reserved.

This paper aimed to examine digital hadith application (DHA) within the framework of Fourth Industrial Revolution commonly referred as IR 4.0 and also to identify the most popular DHA among academics and students studying hadiths in the selected public universities in Malaysia. Data obtained were analyzed using IBM SPSS Software Version 21. It was found that the most established and significant resourceful hadith applications among students and academics included iShamela, Islamweb and Maktabah Syamilah which were retrieved from mobile application, website and computer software respectively. These DHAs were seen to meet certain criteria to ease the takhrij al-hadith or simply defined as hadith extraction in the collections. This is in line with the goal of the IR 4.0 which is of great benefit to the Muslims worldwide and also the authenticity of hadith being transmitted is fully preserved in the virtual world. � 2018 IAEME Publication.All right reserved.

The Byzantine Empire was reported to have stopped paying tribute to the Abbasid Empire, which they had previously paid twice annually. For this reason, according to ‘Abd Al-Jabbār (d.415/1025), the Caliph decided to put pressure on Byzantium by sending them a letter. This letter is however full of Qur’ānic references and biographical information about Muh. ammad (sīra nabawiyya), rather than dealing with the issue of tribute. The present study seeks to explore, Ibn al-Layth’s (d. c.203/819) letter to the Byzantine Emperor that contains biographical information about the Prophet Muhammad. It will also analyse the authors’ hermeneutical responses to and understanding of Qur’ānic references to Muh. ammad’s early life. The study is qualitative in nature, and is one in which the researcher will employ both descriptive and source-critical approaches. The study in its finding argues that being embedded with Qur’ānic biographical information of Muslim’s prophet, the letter was not intended solely for the Byzantine emperor; it also, alluded the message to the emperor’s ecclesiastical authorities and religious advisors, which are likely to have had a considerable influence upon Constantine’s decision. It also avows that, based on the phrasing and terms he uses, the author might possibly be following the style and conventions of the early Muslim court’s writing that bolstered their letter with appropriate verses from the Qur’ ān. The first letter of the Prophet to the Heraclius and the letter of ‘Umar II to Leo III are salient exemplars of this practice.