Euphorbia hirta is widely used as traditional medicine. The aim of the present study was to evaluate E. hirta parts and whole plants for the antibacterial activities plus phytochemical exist through acetone extracts. Antibacterial assay was carried out via agar well diffusion assay for screening purpose and finally through micro dilution method in order to determine minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values against 10 selected bacteria. Gram positive bacteria were more susceptible compared to Gram negative bacteria via agar well diffusion assay. Whole plants E. hirta extracts very useful for inhibitory bacterium purpose. Whilst, all E. hirta extracts exhibited the bactericidal effect towards the ten bacteria tested. All bacteria tested susceptible to the roots extract based on the MBC/MIC value which is less than or equal to 4 (≤4). Phytochemical screening of E. hirta extracts revealed the presence of carbohydrates, lipids, protein, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, resins, steroids, acidic compounds, tannins, glycosides, phenols and terpenoids. Key words: Euphorbia hirta, antibacterial activities, agar well diffusion assay, micro dilution method, phytochemical screening.

The different parts of Euphorbia hirta which are flowers, stems, leaves and roots showed high antibacterial activity against two strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Shigella sonnei. In this present study, attempt was made to evaluate the combination effects between each two different parts of E.hirta on those strains. The two different parts of plants combinations (which are flowers-stems, flowers-leaves, flowers-roots, stems-leaves, stems-roots and leaves-roots) were treated on each selected bacteria, while the single part treatments was served as the controls. Generally, there are four combination effects which are synergism, additive, antagonisms and indifference effects could be observed in this study. Synergism effect was only indicated for the combination treatments towards S. epidermidis. The highest synergism effect (89%) was exhibited from the treatment of flowers-leaves and stems-leaves on S. epidermidis. All the combination treatments on both bacteria indicated an additive effect with the highest effects (78%) showed by the treatment of flowers-leaves, flowers-roots, and leaves-roots towards S. sonnei. However, indifferent and antagonisms effects could be observed only in the combination treatments against S. sonnei. The highest indifference (67%) and antagonisms (22%) effects on S. sonnei, each was exhibited by the treatment with stems-leaves and flowersstems respectively.

A novel approach of dual lipases system was successfully carried out in improving the synthesis of ferulate esters between ethyl ferulate and olive oil. Combination of Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RMIM were used as biocatalyst to improve the reaction performance. Different reaction parameters (ratio of lipases, reaction time, lipase dosage, substrate molar ratio and reaction temperature) were analyzed systematically. A high conversion of ferulate esters (85%) was obtained after 12 hrs of reaction time at optimal conditions of 1:9 w/w (Novozym 435/Lipozyme RMIM), 80mg of lipase and 1:4 ethyl ferulate:olive oil at 60 ?C.

The different parts of Euphorbia hirta which are whole plants, flowers, stems, leaves and roots showed high antibacterial activity against two strains of bacteria namely Staphylococcus epidermidis and Shigella sonnei. In this present study, attempt was made to evaluate the pharmacodynamic properties of the different parts of E. hirta on those strains. The treatment of E. hirta extracts towards S. epidermidis and S. sonnei indicated the bactericidal activity in the kinetic study and significant PAE values on the treatment. Among E. hirta parts tested, whole plant extracts indicated fast killing effects via time-kill kinetics (kinetic study) for both strains. All the different parts of E. hirta extracts exhibited the significant PAE values (0.5 h and above) against strains tested. The kinetic study and PAE data basically indicated the stronger effect of E. hirta extracts toward S. epidermidis compared to S. sonnei.