The development of stealth technology for military applications and increasing concerns of electromagnetic pollution have garnered interest to design microwave absorbing materials with wide absorption bandwidth and effective absorption properties. Two batches of samples as a potential radar absorbing material were prepared in this study: single-layer and double-layer nanocomposite mixtures of graphite and barium hexaferrite nanoparticles. Characterizations of electromagnetic and microwave absorbing properties were carried out in the frequency range of 8?12 GHz (X-band) and 12?18 GHz (Ku-band). Single-layer samples with thickness of 2 mm showed optimal absorption properties with minimum reflection loss of -20.5 dB at 11.8 GHz for X-band and -20.7 dB at 14.7 GHz for Ku-band, displaying bandwidths of 0.6 GHz for the former and 3.8 GHz for the latter at -10 dB. On the other hand, double-layer samples made of 1 mm thick barium hexaferrite matching layer and 2 mm thick graphite absorbing layer showed optimal absorption properties with minimum reflection loss of -30.0 dB at 9.2 GHz for X-band with narrower bandwidth of 0.6 GHz. The microwave absorption properties of these nanocomposites were attributed to combined effect of dielectric loss from graphite and magnetic loss from ferrite.

Multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) has garnered interest in recent years due to its magneto-electric coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic ordering. This unique property offers some advantages when applied as electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers. In work reported here, the microwave absorption properties of multiferroic BFO/epoxy resin composites with different weight percentage (wt%) of BFO fillers of various thicknesses were investigated. The BFO powders were synthesized using high energy ball milling (HEBM) and sintered at 775 °C in a furnace with an ambient air condition. The sintered BFO powders with different weight ratios (50 wt%, 60 wt% and 70 wt%) were mixed with epoxy resin as a matrix to form a composite with thicknesses of 1, 2 and 3 mm. Phase identification, grain size and morphology, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of prepared samples were characterized. The absorption performances of samples were measured in the frequency range of 8–18 GHz. As a result, the compressed BFO powders and BFO/epoxy resin composites with 50–70 wt% BFO filler showed dual-band microwave absorption resonance behavior. The best performances were demonstrated by a 3 mm thick BFO70 composite sample which exhibited a primary reflection loss (RL1) of −26.0 dB at 9.1 GHz and a secondary reflection loss (RL2) of −40.5 dB at 11.3 GHz, along with an associated −10 dB bandwidth of 1.31 GHz. The minimum reflection loss (RL) peaks were shifted to a lower frequency as the thicknesses were increased due to theλ4 condition. Theoretical studies on the absorbing wave mechanism reveal a unique combination of dielectric loss relaxations and antiferromagnetic resonance effects in the BFO absorbers.

Multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) has garnered interest in recent years due to its magneto-electric coupling between ferroelectric and magnetic ordering. This unique property offers some advantages when applied as electromagnetic (EM) wave absorbers. In work reported here, the microwave absorption properties of multiferroic BFO/epoxy resin composites with different weight percentage (wt%) of BFO fillers of various thicknesses were investigated. The BFO powders were synthesized using high energy ball milling (HEBM) and sintered at 775 °C in a furnace with an ambient air condition. The sintered BFO powders with different weight ratios (50 wt%, 60 wt% and 70 wt%) were mixed with epoxy resin as a matrix to form a composite with thicknesses of 1, 2 and 3 mm. Phase identification, grain size and morphology, magnetic and microwave absorption properties of prepared samples were characterized. The absorption performances of samples were measured in the frequency range of 8–18 GHz. As a result, the compressed BFO powders and BFO/epoxy resin composites with 50–70 wt% BFO filler showed dual-band microwave absorption resonance behavior. The best performances were demonstrated by a 3 mm thick BFO70 composite sample which exhibited a primary reflection loss (RL1) of −26.0 dB at 9.1 GHz and a secondary reflection loss (RL2) of −40.5 dB at 11.3 GHz, along with an associated −10 dB bandwidth of 1.31 GHz. The minimum reflection loss (RL) peaks were shifted to a lower frequency as the thicknesses were increased due to theλ4 condition. Theoretical studies on the absorbing wave mechanism reveal a unique combination of dielectric loss relaxations and antiferromagnetic resonance effects in the BFO absorbers.

The parallel evolutional relationship between microstructural properties and magnetic and electrical properties was elucidated through this study. A Co0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 rod sample was prepared via high energy ball milling and subsequent moulding into a nano-sized compacted powder. This single sample was sintered through 10 cycles at different sintering temperatures in the range of 500 °C–1400 °C. After each sintering, the sample was characterized for its phase, microstructural, density, magnetic and electrical properties using XRD, SEM, B-H tracer, Curie temperature measurement and two probes method. An integrated study of microstructural properties with elevating sintering temperature would point to the existence of three stages of sintering, which involved atomic, interfaces (lattice and boundaries), and volume diffusions respectively. Three distinct shape-differentiated groups of B–H hysteresis loops were observed. The existence of these groups was associated with microstructural properties such as phase purity, volume fraction of disordered phase or grain boundaries, and grain size. In terms of average grain size, from 48.25 nm to 71.93 nm, a weak paramagnetic behaviour was observed; while from 83.65 nm to 374.79 nm, a relatively square-shaped hysteresis loops with moderate ferromagnetic behaviours were observed. The occurrences of erect and well-defined sigmoid-shape were observable when there were sufficiently high single-phase purity and crystallinity, where the average grain size was in the range of 964.73 nm–11215.91 nm. The critical grain size of 186.75 nm was found by plotting average grain size against coercivity, suggesting the number of single-domain particles was reduced, and the number of multi-domain particles was increased by increasing sintering temperature. The electrical resistivity variations were strongly related to the microstructural properties.

Microwave absorption properties were systematically studied for double-layer carbon black/epoxy resin (CB) and Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4/epoxy resin (F) nanocomposites in the frequency range of 8 to 18 GHz. The Ni0.6Zn0.4Fe2O4 nanoparticles were synthesized via high energy ball milling with subsequent sintering while carbon black was commercially purchased. The materials were later incorporated into epoxy resin to fabricate double-layer composite structures with total thicknesses of 2 and 3 mm. The CB1/F1, in which carbon black as matching and ferrite as absorbing layer with each thickness of 1 mm, showed the highest microwave absorption of more than 99.9%, with minimum reflection loss of −33.8 dB but with an absorption bandwidth of only 2.7 GHz. Double layer absorbers with F1/CB1(ferrite as matching and carbon black as absorbing layer with each thickness of 1 mm) structure showed the best microwave absorption performance in which more than 99% microwave energy were absorbed, with promising minimum reflection loss of −24.0 dB, along with a wider bandwidth of 4.8 GHz and yet with a reduced thickness of only 2 mm.