Effect of insulin relies on correct dose and appropriateness of insulin injection technique. However, inappropriate technique is common among diabetes patients. The impact of educating proper technique in these patients is still under studied. To evaluate the outcome of education of insulin injection technique to diabetes patients who are on insulin therapy in a Malaysian primary care clinic. A total of 114 diabetes patients on insulin were randomly selected in this prospective study. Participants' injection technique and HbA1c were assessed at baseline and 3 months later. After initial assessment, all participants were taught on proper technique of injection. Those with inappropriate technique were given individualized coaching. Majority participants (86.8%; 99/144) had appropriate technique at baseline and 67.7% (66/99) of them managed to improve their technique after intervention. There was 0.82% reduction in HbA1c observed among all participants, mean (SD) HbA1c at baseline was 9.9 (2.11)% and at post-intervention was 9.1 (2.16)%, (p < 0.01). Inappropriate insulin injection technique is very common in current study. With focused education, 67.7% (66/99) of the respondents' had improvised their injection technique. There was 0.82% reduction in HbA1c measurements within 3 months post intervention {pre 9.9 (SD 2.16) %, vs post 9.08 (SD 2.16) %}. There is a necessity to assess insulin injection technique during every follow-up. Health care providers need to identify and rectify the incorrect the technique as it may improve the glycaemic control among diabetes patients who are on insulin devices.

Adolescents are aware of the health risks of cigarette smoking yet still they continue to smoke. This article reports on how Malaysian adolescents rationalised their smoking behaviour despite knowing its danger. In this qualitative study, 26 adolescents (23 smokers and 3 former smokers) were interviewed through 3 focus group interviews and 3 in-depth interviews. The interviews were guided by a semi-structured interview protocol and recorded using audio recorders. This study highlights that the adolescents continued to smoke despite knowing the risks of smoking. They rationalised their smoking by disengaging themselves from the risks through: (1) disregarding the immediate effects of smoking, (2) ignoring the risk information, (3) normalising the mortality risk of smoking, (4) emotionally detaching themselves from relating to the threat, (5) regarding smoking as the lesser evil than other risky behaviour, and (6) discounting the actual risks by citing the exceptional cases. In conclusion, the adolescents might have made a calculated decision after weighing the risks and benefits of smoking but they chose smoking over quitting. This study provides meaningful insights for clinicians and policy makers to understand adolescents' reasoning for smoking, which then may result in the development of better strategies for challenging the rationalisations of adolescents.