Two solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) systems of carboxymethyl cellulose doped ammonium chloride (CMC-AC) and propylene carbonate plasticized (CMC-AC-PC) were prepared via solution casting technique. The ionic conductivity of SBEs were analyzed using electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in the frequency range of 50 Hz-1 MHz at ambient temperature (303K). The highest ionic conductivity of CMC-AC SBE is 1.43 × 10−3S/cm for 16 wt.% of AC while the highest conductivity of plasticized SBEsystem is 1.01 × 10−2S/cm when added with 8 wt.% of PC. TGA/DSC showed that the addition of PC had increased the decomposition temperature compared of CMC-AC SBE. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra showed the occurrence of complexation between the SBE components and it is proved successfully executed by Gaussian software. X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that amorphous nature of SBEs. It is believed that the PC is one of the most promising plasticizer to enhance the ionic conductivity and performance for SBE system.

This study deals with the ionic conduction mechanism of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) – NH4Br biopolymer electrolytes (BPEs) plasticized with ethylene carbonate (EC) prepared via solution-casting technique. The ionic conductivity of BPEs system was characterized by using impedance spectroscopy and shows the highest conductivity at ambient temperature for CMC–NH4Br BPEs is 1.12 x 10-4 S/cm and enhanced to 3.31 x 10-3 S/cm with the addition of 8 wt. % EC. The conductivity–temperature plot of the BPEs system obeys Arrhenius law where R2~1. The dielectric values were found to increase with increasing temperature thus divulged that the BPEs system to be non-Debye type. The temperature dependence of the power law exponent shows the CMC–NH4Br–EC BPEs system follows the quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) model of conduction mechanism, where the enhanced protonation of NH4Br with addition of EC makes the charge transfer (polarons) able to tunnel through the potential barrier that exists between the lone pair electrons in carboxyl group of CMC and NH4Br.

Solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) based on carboxy methylcellulose (CMC) has been prepared by doping different concentration of Adipic acid (AA) via solution casting technique. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy was used to study the interaction between the host and ionic dopant. New peaks were observed at at 1714 and 1261 cm-1at AA-5. It also can observe that 5 peaks intensity have become decrease. XRD analysis was shown the CMC-AA was the amorphous solution.The highest ionic conductivity achieved at room temperature is 6.12 x 10-7 S cm-1 for CMC incorporated with 5 wt. % AA. In addition, the temperature dependence of the SBEs exhibit Arrhenius behavior. That the activation energy of relaxation is lower than the activation energy of conduction implies that the charge carrier has to overcome the higher energy barrier during conducting.

A conducting solid biodegradable polymer electrolytes based carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) system with concentration in the range 0 -25 wt.% of NH4SCN have been prepared via solution casting method. The impedance study of CMC-NH4SCN system was measured via Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) in the temperature range 303 K - 353 K. The highest ionic conductivity at room temperature (303 K) is 6.48 x 10-5 Scm-1 for sample containing 25 wt.% NH4SCN. The temperature dependence of CMC-NH4SCN system was found to obey the Arrhenius behaviour where the ionic conductivity increases with increase of temperature. Dielectric data were analyzed using complex permittivity, ?i for sample with the highest ionic conductivity at various temperatures and found was non Debye behavior. The conduction mechanism of the charge carrier of CMC-NH4SCN system can be presented by quantum mechanical tunneling (QMT) model.

Polymer blending is a promising method used to enhance the ionic conductivity as well as improving mechanical strength and thermal stability of biodegradable dual polysaccharides blend electrolytes (PBEs). PBEs containing carboxymethyl cellulose-chitosan doped ammonium nitrate (AN) has been successfully prepared using the conventional solution casting technique. This research aimed to explore the ionic conductivity and conduction mechanism of prepared PBE films via electrical impedance spectroscopy and transference number measurement. The enhancement of ionic conductivity of PBE films is influenced by the addition of AN concentration. The maximum ionic conductivity is achieved at 40 wt.% AN of (1.03 ± 0.13) x 10-3 Scm-1. The ionic conductivity also is affected by temperature and followed the Arrhenius law where R2 ~ 1. The charge transport of the most conductive PBE film is identified to be dominated by ions. Jonscher's universal power law was employed to obtain the exponent n. Thus, revealed that the conduction mechanism in the most conductive SBE film can be represented by quantum mechanical tunneling model.

In this work, solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBE) containing carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped with ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN) were prepared via solution casting method. The ionic conductivity and dielectric properties of CMC-NH4SCN system were investigated by electrical impedance spectroscopy in the temperature range of 303-353 K. The dc conductivity shows that the highest ionic conductivity of 6.48 x 10-5 Scm-1 at ambient temperature was obtained when 25 wt.% of NH4SCN was incorporated. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity revealed that CMC-NH4SCN system was discovered to obey Arrhenius law where the regression value is almost unity (R2?1). Activation energy of CMC-NH4SCN system was found to decrease with the increment of NH4SCN concentration. The dielectric behaviour of the CMC-NH4SCN system have been analyzed using dielectric permittivity (?*) and electrical modulus (M*) spectra. Results from dielectric studies showed a non-Debye behaviour of CMC-NH4SCN system

In the present work, a series of solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBEs) from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) doped with ammonium fluoride (NH4F) (0 - 13 wt. %) was successfully prepared by solution cast technique. SBE sample containing 9 wt.% NH4F was found to exhibit the highest ionic conductivity of 2.68 x 10-7 Scm-1 at ambient temperature. XRD analysis revealed that the SBE samples containing NH4F salt to be semi-crystalline in nature. FTIR spectra showed that the interaction between CMC and NH4F has occurred in the polymer-salt system and the CMC-NH4F SBE system was a proton conductor.

In this paper, the mechanical properties of carboxymethyl cellulose-oleic acid (CMCOA) solid bio-polymer electrolyte (SBE) were examined. The host, CMC was doped with different weight percentage (wt. %) of OA in the CMC-OA solution. The SBEs were tested by using the Universal Material Testing Machine where the readings of tensile strength and Young's modulus can be obtained from the stress-strain curve produced by the software during the tension test. The sample of CMC doped with 20% wt. of OA was found to obtain the highest value of tensile strength and Young's modulus which is 0.2069 MPa and 4.615 MPa respectively.

This study aimed to determine the physical, mechanical, and antioxidant properties of chicken skin gelatin films incorporated with virgin coconut oil (VCO). Prepared chicken skin gelatin films at different VCO concentrations (0–30%) were characterized for their physical (water vapor permeability and light transmission), mechanical (tensile strength, elongation at break), and antioxidant (DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content) properties. The tensile strength and elongation at the film's break showed a decreasing and increasing trend with the increase of VCO concentration. The water vapor permeability of films showed no significant difference as the added oil concentration increased. In addition, the films with VCO added showed a good light barrier with a lower light transmission value at a high oil concentration. The incorporation of oil in gelatin films decreases the glass transition temperature (Tg) with the increasing amount of oil. Furthermore, the film's microstructure became rougher and more discontinuous with the addition of oil percentage. The increasing VCO concentration also enhanced the intensity of the Amide A, Amide I, Amide II, and Amide III functional groups. DPPH scavenging activity and total phenolic content in films also increased with VCO concentration. Thus, these results revealed that VCO could be incorporated with gelatin film to make active film packaging or edible film packaging for some food applications for protein-rich food, such as meat or edible packaging for primary packaging.

This study aimed to prepare and characterize the mechanical and physical properties of chicken skin gelatin/CMC composite film. The influence of CMC on the mechanical (tensile strength (TS), elongation at break (EAB), puncture test), physical (water vapour permeability (WVP), FTIR, X-ray diffraction (XRD), light transmission and transparency), and thermal properties (melting point, Tm and glass transition, Tg) of chicken skin gelatin film were studied and compared to bovine gelatin film. Results shows that chicken skin gelatin/CMC composite films was higher in TS, puncture force, WVP, and Tg value. However, there were no significance different (p > 0.05) between chicken skin gelatin as compared to bovine gelatin film in TS and WVP value. This study demonstrates that a CMC addition to gelatin films gives significantly effects on properties of film produced. The enhancement of film properties shows potential for using this blended film in packaging materials or coatings in agriculture and food products.

This study focused on the rheological, functional and antioxidant properties of gelatin film with C.asiatica (L.) Urban extracts added. Six film forming solutions of gelatin/glycerol/extract blended film were prepared: A (100/30/0); B (100/30/5); C (100/30/10); D (100/30/15); E (100/30/20); and F (100/30/25). Rheological, antioxidant, mechanical (tensile strength (TS) and elongation at break (EAB)), physical (water vapour permeability (WVP), FTIR analysis, scanning electron micrography) and thermal properties were characterized. The viscoelastic properties of film forming solution (FFS) incorporated with extract resulted in a well–structured system. Blended films with 25% Centella asiatica extract showed higher antioxidant activity, EAB values, glass transition and melting point but lower values for WVP and TS. These results indicate that C.asiatica (L.) Urban extracts have good potential to be incorporated into gelatin film as active film packaging. This is because it increases the mechanical properties while decreased WVP which important properties for film packaging. Furthermore the antioxidant properties of C.asiatica (L.) Urban extracts will enhance the quality of packaged food by demonstrate the immense potential of these films as food packaging materials to efficiently control bacteria growth in complex food systems

This present work discovered on a new proton conducting solid biopolymer electrolytes (SBE) based on biopolymer-carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) complexed with various concentrations of ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN). In the polymer-salt complexes system has been prepared via solution-casting method. The ionic conductivity study of the samples was measured using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and the highest ionic conductivity at room temperature was obtained at 6.48 x 10-5 Scm-1 for the sample containing with 25 wt.% NH4SCN. The temperature dependence of ionic conductivity of the CMC-NH4SCN SBE system follow Arrhenius law due to increases of conductivity with increment of NH4SCN concentrations. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was done to study the complexation between CMC and NH4SCN. X-ray diffraction study inferred that the samples containing 25 wt.% NH4SCN exhibits highest amorphous nature which revealed that highest conductivity in CMC-NH4SCN SBE system.

Carboxyl methylcellulose (CMC) doped with oleic acid (OA) and plasticized with glycerol was able to be produced into solid biopolymer electrolytes using the solution cast technique. The CMC-OA-glycerol solid polymer electrolyte obtained the highest conductivity of 1.64 x 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature for sample Gly 40 wt. %. Within the temperature range investigated, the conductivity– temperature relationship of the biopolymer electrolytes is characteristically Arrhenius behaviour, suggesting that the conductivity is thermally assisted. Fourier Transform Infrared studies was carried out to determine the dissociation of free protons (H+) from the carboxyl group (–COOH) of glycerol.

Organic compound containing thiosemicarbazide moiety has been successfully synthesized. The new synthesized dyes, N-(3-(Trifluoromethylbenzaldehyde)benzylidine thiosemicarbazide (3-TFT) was characterized by spectroscopic technique namely, CHNS elemental analysis, Fourier Transform Infra-Red analysis (FT-IR), UV-Visible analysis (UV-Vis), 1H and 13C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). The thin films of this dye have been prepared using a spin coating technique and deposited on indium tin oxide (ITO) glass substrate. The main highlight was an electrical conductivity of thin films which was measured using four point probing system in a range of light intensity, 25 Wm-2 until 200Wm-2. The potential electrical conductivity of 3-TFT dye was found gradually increased until reached the maximum conductivity values of 0.1489 Scm-1 at light intensity of 100 Wm-2 in the most diluted concentration at 1x10-5M.