A brief review focusing on preparation of the activated carbon derived from agriculture by-products is presented. The physical and chemical activation of activated carbon were also reviewed. The effects of various parameters including types of activating agents, temperature, impregnation ratio, were also discussed. The applications of activated carbon from agricultural by products were briefly reviewed. It is provenly evident in this review, the relatively inexpensive and renewable resources of the agricultural waste were found to be effectively being converted into wealth materials.

In this study, polycondensation of 88wt% lactic acid (LA) was performed by irradiating LA with microwave at different powers (P=250, 440, 715 and 900W) for 5 min, in the absence of a catalyst. The recovered products were analysed by attenuated total reflectance-infrared (ATR-IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It was found that raising microwave power resulted in a significant increase in mass loss, even much higher than the water content of the fresh LA (12wt%). Such an observation was likely to be caused by two occurrences. The first is associated with the evaporation of 12wt% of water molecules in the fresh LA that escalated upon increasing microwave power. This is supported by ATR-IR analysis illustrating a decreasing trend in the intensity of O-H stretching band. The second is linked to the intensified polycondensation of LA to polylactic acid (PLA) when elevating microwave power, forming more ester bonds and consequently eliminating more water molecules. The increased formation ester bonds was evidenced by the shift in Tonset values towards higher temperatures, as exhibited by TGA profiles. As overall, the outcomes of this study could lead to a cost effective and energy saving production of biodegradable plastics, substituting the time-consuming conventional heating. � Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd.