Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a semiconductor material which is widely used as thin films due to its advantages in wide band gap, high electron mobility, large exciton binding energy and others. The uniqueness of this semiconductor material is a different fabricating method may differentiate its optical characteristics such as transmittance and absorbance allowing it to suit various applications. In this research, ZnO thin films were prepared by the sol–gel method on glass substrate. Zinc acetate dihydrate, isopropyl alcohol, and monoethanolamine were used as a precursor, solvent, and stabiliser respectively. The effects of ageing and thickness of ZnO on optical properties were discussed. The thickness of thin films varied according to the number of dips in coating, which were 1 dip, 3 dips, 5 dips, or 7 dips. Meanwhile, the ageing duration varied between 12 hours, 24 hours, or 48 hours. The influence of thickness and ageing on the optical properties of ZnO were investigated by ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. When the thickness is increased, the transmittance and the band gap are reduced due to compressive stress and lattice defects. When the ageing duration is increased, the film becomes smoother.

Background: A liver-related injury such as bile leak and biloma formation is common in high-grade liver injury (grade III-VI). The presentation is usually non-specific requiring a high index of suspicion in its diagnosis. Although this condition is considered benign, the implication of an untreated biloma is severe. Case presentation: We presented a case of a 25-year-old man who is involved in a road traffic accident and sustained multiple liver lacerations. Liver packing was done with no immediate complication. However, he developed an infected biloma during recovery. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography confirmed a transected right hepatic duct. Biliary duct stenting and percutaneous was done successfully. Conclusion: Biloma is common in high-grade liver injury. Early diagnosis is needed to ensure treatment success. � 2017 Surgical Society of Northern Greece. All rights reserved.

Background: Morbidity post hepatectomy still remain persistent throughout decades compared to other surgery. Modern approach have been introduced to improve safety and reduce morbidity whilst at the same time enhance patient recovery. Thus, enhanced recovery after surgery or fast track recovery program for liver resection was initiated. Objective: The aim of this study was to achieve discharge by postoperative day 3 for minor resection and day 5 for major resection. Design and Setting: This is a prospective study conducted in Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (HUKM) from September 2014 till April 2015. Material and Methods: All patients undergoing open liver resection were included in the study. They were then managed post operatively according to ERAS protocol that was drawn up based on previous studies. Patient's demographics data, intra operative parameters, postoperative complications and adherence to postoperative recovery protocol were recorded. Results: Seventeen patients (7 major and 10 minor resection) were recruited. The mean length of hospital stay for minor resection was 5.9 and major resection was 9.6 .With regards to the targets, 4 out of 10 (40%)patients in minor resection group and 4 out 7 (57.1%) in the major group were discharged on time. 9 patients had postoperative complications with no mortality recorded. In terms of the ERAS protocol targets, the PCA morphine discontinuation target was achieved in 15 patients (88.3%), nasogastric tube removal (13 patients -76.5%), urinary cathether removal (6 patients - 35.3%), abdominal drains removal (9 patients-52.9%) and resumption of full diet was achieved by 82.4% (14 patients). Conclusion: From these overall achievement, most of our targets have been met and this shows that our ERAS protocol is safe to be applied to patient undergoing hepatectomy. Limitations: Some patients had achieved their target but not discharged for unknown reason.

Leiomyosarcoma of the Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) is a rare soft tissue tumour which accounts for only 0.5% of all soft tissue sarcomas. The patients usually presented with non specific clinical signs and often diagnosed at advanced stage. We reported a case of a 58-year-old lady who presented with right sided abdominal pain for 6 months. CT scan showed large Level 2 IVC tumour which encased the right renal vein and had no clear plane of demarcation with the caudate lobe of the liver. She underwent radical resection of the IVC tumour with the right kidney removed en bloc. Vascular reconstruction was not performed as established collateral veins present. She was nursed in Intensive Care Unit for 2 days and discharged well at day 5 post operatively. Histopathological examination results revealed leiomyosarcoma of IVC. � 2018 Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences. All rights reserved. Keywords: Inferior vena cava leiomyosarcoma, Radical resection, IVC tumour