Shari’ah (Islamic law) governance has drawn considerable interest in the past few decades in an effort to enhance the outcomes and prolonged success of banks that follow the Islamic banking system. There is widespread awareness that Shari’ah governance enhances public trust in the integrity, management, and business functioning of Islamic banks and prevents any financial crisis that could affect the performance of banks. The current study has a primary objective to analyze the influence of Shari’ah Supervisory Board (SSB) characteristics upon the financial performance of the banks that follow the Islamic banking system in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) based on features possessed by the SSB. The data considered for the period spans between 2013 and 2022 and focuses on four fully-fledged Islamic banks operating in the KSA. The Authors collected the annual reports of the banks to extract the financial data and analyzed it under descriptive statistical analysis. Further, an ordinary least square regression model was also applied in this study. The analytical outcomes reveal that the independence and the experience of the Shari’ah board exert a remarkable influence on the financial performance of the Islamic banks whereas the size of the Shari’ah board has no significant influence to note. The study suggests that the Saudi Central Bank (SAMA) should accelerate the incorporation of the Shari’ah governance framework in the banks that follow the Islamic banking system. Therefore, there is an urgent need to establish a central SSB to coordinate the efforts of the committees of Saudi local banks and provide the necessary technical assistance for implementing optimal Shari’ah governance practices.

The tourism industry has various impacts on the economy. It contributes to sales. profits, employment. tax revenue, and income. Tourism is fast becoming Malaysia's second-largest foreign exchange earner, after the manufacturing sector. Tourism receipts contributed 46% to total services receipts between 2002 and 2008, generating a surplus in the services account of Malaysia's balance of payments. This paper focuses on changes in the output of and imports and value added to the economy resulting from the tourism industry in Malaysia. An open input-output model of tourist impact analysis will be adopted to determine the multiplier effects of each Ringgit Malaysia spent on the output of and imports and value added to the economy. This paper attempts to prove that differences in the expenditure profile among classes of tourists and the changing composition of tourists arriving in Malaysia have important implications for possible policy responses to the economy.

This paper is to analyze the role of Amanah Iktiar Malaysia (AIM), the largest Malaysian microcredit program, in eradication poverty. This paper is a contribution to the ongoing debate on the effectiveness of poverty eradication programs and their impact on the poor. This paper analyzes the role played by AIM in poverty eradication and evaluates the AIM micro credit programs in selected rural areas in Malaysia. Empirical investigation has been based on survey question covered selected rural areas in Malaysia. The effectiveness of AIM program’s performance is influenced largely by three main groups of factors namely are outreach, financial sustainability and the impact on the client. The paper tries to see whether AIM small loans on reasonable terms provided to poor households for financing additional income-generating activities could be an effective way of reducing extreme rural poverty. Moreover, by providing working capital to small sized project households how much that credit could bring about a significant increase in project size and hence absorbing surplus labor in small projects leading to the increase in household income and consequently reducing extreme rural poverty. The study provides strong evidence that microfinance is indeed an effective tool for poverty eradication. The study will highlight a number of policy implications to improve the overall AIM performance.

Islamic banking is witnessing a significant increase in worldwide demand for its products alongside the increased interest in Sharīʿahgovernance, which is an essential means of ensuring that the products and activities of Islamic banking institutions fully comply with Sharīʿah(Islamic law), meet customer needs, and increase their competitiveness in both local and international markets. The aim of this paper is to evaluate Sharīʿahgovernance practices in Saudi Arabian banks and also examine the level of adherence to Sharīʿahgovernance principles, institutional frameworks, regulatory standards, and procedures within Saudi banks. Thispaper employsa descriptive analysis approach, while the data were collected through a questionnaire survey from 95 members of Sharīʿahadvisory boards, Sharīʿahgroups, and Sharīʿahgovernance committees in 11 banks operating in Saudi Arabia. A regression analysis was performed to estimate relationships between the level of compliance and commitment to Sharīʿahgovernancein Saudi banks as a dependent variable, and the implementation of Sharīʿahgovernance, its dimensions, and the availability of implementing procedures of Sharīʿahgovernance as independent variables. The findings confirm the existence of variations between banks at the level of implementing Sharīʿahgovernance principles and standards. The dimensions of Sharīʿahgovernance received varying levels of attention in the banks, with organizational structure ranking first, followed by the dimensions of responsibility and disclosure, and finally, control, auditing, and accountability. The study reveals disparities in the implementation levels of Sharīʿahgovernance between banks with full-fledged Sharīʿahcompliance and conventional banks that offer Islamic windows. Additionally, the study indicates differences in the adequacy of implementing procedures for Sharīʿahgovernance principles and standards in both types of Saudi banks, attributed to variations in bank size, product type, and organizational structure. The results of the regression analysis demonstrate that the implementation of Sharīʿahgovernance dimensions and the availability of implementing procedures have a statistically positive effect on the level of commitment to Islamic banking and Sharīʿahgovernance. The paper suggests a necessity for training personnel in Islamic banking, activating the role of Sharīʿahcompliance units, and developing the Sharīʿahgovernance framework in Islamic banking operations in Saudi Arabia.

The main objective of the study is to examine the profile and expenditure patterns of tourists from West Asia and its impacts on the Malaysian economy. The study analyses the expenditure patterns of West Asia tourists in Malaysia using secondary data and survey questionnaire. An input-output technique of tourist impact analysis was adopted to determine the multiplier effects of each Ringgit spent on output, income and employment. The results highlighted a number of effects on each of the sectoral output, income and employment and explain which sector can benefit from tourist expenditure through direct, indirect and induced income and employment generations. The findings indicated that hotel and restaurants sector has the highest total output multiplier followed by the entertainment sector. With respect to income multiplier, entertainment sector ranks first followed by wholesale and retail trade sector. Entertainment sector has the highest total employment multiplier followed by business services sector. Sectors that enjoy greater economic benefits from tourism are entertainment, hotel and restaurants, wholesale and retails trade and business scrvices; as reflected by the size of the contribution in each total output and in generating greater income and employment. Survey questionnaires were also administered to the West Asian tourists during mid 2004. 'The survey findings supported the empirical evidence with regards to the tourists' expenditure patterns. In conclusion, this study proves that differences in expenditure profile among classes of tourists and the changing composition of tourist's arrivals in Malaysia have important policy recommendations on the economy. The tourism's policy, therefore, should provide more emphasis on the development of these strategic industries. The study also suggested some possible policy responses to promote Malaysia as an ideal destination for tourist from Islamic countries.

This paper aims to investigate the performance and effectiveness of Amanah Ikhtiar Malaysia (AIM) microfinance programme for poverty eradication in Malaysia. It is an attempt to provide a rigorous analysis of the role played by AIM with special reference to selected branches in Terengganu. This paper has employed the factor analysis technique and regression analysis to test research hypothesis. Multivariate technique of factor analysis was used to test the hypothesis that the social demographic characteristics of the respondents influence the AIM programme effectiveness through the socioeconomic variables while, multiple regression analysis was employed to investigate the determinants of effectiveness of the AIM programme performance. The findings has detected a significant relationship between the programme performance and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the targeted population.The findings of regression model showed that the most significant variable influencing the performance variable - loan utilization is the factor SS perceived adequacy of social services with a coefficient statically significant at (p = .00)> and explained about 36.3% of the variance in the dependent variable. The regression model also showed that the impact of the three demographic and economic factors were highly significant at leve1 0.05.

The profit-loss sharing (PLS) or Mudārabah is an Islamic contract in which one side provides capital and the other side provideswork. Profits are to be shared in the proportion that was agreed upon before the contract was implemented. This paper aims to highlight the role of the Mudārabah contract in financing livestock projects, and its use in solving the problem of unemployment in Sudan, where livestock breeding is a productive activity that provides employment opportunities and increases the incomes of the workers, and increases the rates of economic growth, especially since Sudan is ranked among the richest Arab and African countries with its livestock and agricultural wealth, and there is a large number of the population of Sudan working in the agricultural sector including the animal and plant subsectors. A large number of Sudan’s population works in the agricultural sector. The paper also intends to examine the applications of the Mudārabah contract as an investment alternative that can be more effectively utilized in providing employment opportunities for university graduates and job seekers in Sudan. a descriptive-analytical approach was used to define the Mudārabah concept and show the types of its application, and the methods of employing it to finance livestock projects in Sudan. The paper reached several results, the most important of which is that Mudārabah, such as in the Prophet’s practice and its contemporary applications, is one of the most significant investment formulas that can be used to finance productive projects in the livestock sector, especially small and medium-sized enterprises in the field of livestock breeding in Sudan.

This study aims to identify the revitalization and investment of abandoned land through Islamic microfinance in Malaysia, with a specific emphasis on the state of Negeri Sembilan. It discusses the concept of abandoned lands, examining methods for their revitalization and investment in accordance with the principles of Islamic law. In this regard, revitalizing and investing in abandoned land is posited as a solution to the financing problems faced by small and medium enterprises as well as enhance opportunities to increase the income of poor people in the Malaysian society. The study employed the descriptive analysis approach in demonstrating the importance of revitalizing and investing the abandoned land through Islamic microfinance approach which will boost the efforts of microfinance institutions in reducing poverty and overcoming the consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic. A key finding is that investing in abandoned land, in line with Shariah principles, offers an innovative approach to utilizing these lands for productive projects and reflects the importance of Islamic microfinance and its response to the requirements of revitalizing the abandoned land efficiently and effectively