Pengurusan wakaf berhadapan dengan beberapa isu mengenai aset tidak produktif. Masalah ini sekiranya tidak ditangani dengan baik akan mengundang beberapa masalah lain pada masa akan datang. Antara kemungkinan yang akan dihadapi ialah Majlis Agama Islam Negeri tepaksa menanggung liabiliti seperti bil utiliti, kos penyelenggaraan dan lain-lain kos pengurusan. Kajian ini cuba melihat konsep tawriq dan istibdal sebagai satu solusi kepada masalah aset tidak produktif ini. Antara solusi yang dilihat dapat digunakan untuk menangani isu ini adalah, menggunakan instrumen Istibdal dan Tawriq. Konsep asal instrumen Istibdal adalah menukarkan tanah kepada tanah, manakala Tawriq pula adalah mencairkan tanah kepada tunai. Kedua-dua instrumen adalah cadangan pilihan solusi penyelesaian semasa terhadap harta wakaf, tanah dan bangunan yang tidak produktif. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif, dengan menganalisis teks kandungan (content analysis) beserta temubual bersama Mufti Kerajaan Negeri Sembilan dan Pegawai Jabatan Wakaf dan Sumber Am Perbadanan Baitulmal Negeri Sembilan (PBNS). Kajian ini mendapati, empat daripada tujuh harta wakaf tidak produktif boleh diberdaya majukan menggunakan kaedah Tawriq Istibdal. Manakala tiga harta wakaf yang selebihnya masih boleh dimanfaatkan walaupun tidak memberi pulangan. Kajian ini mencadangkan tiga strategi pelaksanaan Tawriq Istibdal. pertama, mengIstibdalkan tanah-tanah dilokasi yang tidak strategik, kedua, Tawriq dan Istibdal tanah-tanah di lokasi tidak strategik ke tanah di lokasi strategik dan ketiga, Tawriq sebahagian tanah yang mempunyai keluasan yang bersesuaian untuk mendapatkan dana bagi membangunkan tanah yang sama dengan kerjasama penduduk serta komuniti setempat. Implikasi polisi kepada kajian ini adalah, MAINS dan Institusi Wakaf boleh mengenalpasti harta-harta wakaf yang tidak produktif dan mengambil langkah-langkah proaktif dengan membangunkan polisi membangunkan harta tidak produktif dengan menggunakan instrumen Istibdal dan Tawriq

Among many theories on the impact of exchange rate movements on trade balance, the J-Curve Theory gained most of the attention. The theory claims that the impact of exchange rate on trade is time-dependent. This current study criticizes the literature on the theory because of its incomprehensiveness and its inability to examine whether the impact of exchange rate depreciation is more related to the nature of trade commodities or due to the circumstances of bilateral trade relations. This study investigates the J-Curve Theory between Malaysia and each of China, Singapore, and Japan for 20 trade sectors over the period 1987-2016. We find that the impact of exchange rate movements on trade balance is largely dependent on the nature of traded sectors as well as the trade partner-specific economic circumstances.

Enormously meaningful research and studies have suggested positive relationship between women empowerment (WE) and poverty alleviation (PA), albeit, insufficient research has been conducted in Kwara state on the field of study. Therefore, the purpose of this current study is to present the outcome of the pilot study on the proposed model connecting the determinants of women empowerment and the latter impact on poverty alleviation in Kwara state-Nigeria. Some respondent’s demographic traits have been proposed as controlling variables in the aforementioned relationship in the study. More so, relevant and related literatures are presented to substantiate the proposed relationship in the context of Kwara stateNigeria. Prior to the real and final study, a pilot study was conducted to ensure clarity, readability, face validity as well as reliability of the purported variables and items of the study. It is concluded that the purported variables have good internal consistencies.

This paper evaluates the current state of the literature concerning the effects of exchange rate movements on trade balance. Thus, this paper is a review article and provides a survey of the alternative theories that focus on the effect of exchange rate changes on the trade balance. It systemizes the literature into four distinct reviews and approaches following the chronological order. The paper presents the (a) Standard Theory of International Trade, (b) Elasticity Approach, (c) Keynesian Absorption Approach, and (d) Monetary Approach. The study shows that higher attention should be given for the most plausible dynamic theory in this field, known as the J-Curve.

The success of awqaf institutions are determined by many factors, among others is good feedback from the endowers either from their contribution or repeat endowing. This study investigates the perception of endowers to endow and factors motivating them to repeat endowing in ensuring waqf institution success among 366 respondents in 2014. The study employs two models of multiple linear regression analysis. The first model examines the determinant factors influencing the intention to endow whereas the second model investigates internal and external factors influencing the intention to repeated waqf endowment in future. The findings show integrity of waqf institution, religious obligation and access to cash waqf have significant contribution to the endower’s perception to endow cash waqf. Meanwhile, repeated cash waqf behavior will take place if endowers are familiar with waqf institutions and have easy access to cash waqf as these two variables are significantly related to dependent variable. Thus, in order to motivate endowers to repeat cash waqf behavior, continuous promotion to create familiarity together with easy access to cash waqf are vital to encourage repeated charitable behavior.

Cash waqfis an Islamic tool in the Islamic Economic System. Cash waqf inculcates the culture of giving through Islamic philanthropy. Cash waqf must be used as a socio-economic development mechanism to create and develop a third sector that is not profit-motivated and distinct from private and public sectors. Awareness of cash waqf contributionand the obligation to donate are crucial among Malaysians. Waqf institutions have seriously promoted waqf financing instruments to enhance awareness and participation in society. However, awareness toward cash waqf in Malaysia lags behind that in Indonesia and Middle Eastern countries. This study examines the internal determinants of donors’ (waqif) intention to participate in giving cash waqf among Muslims in Malaysia. This study is conducted using a quantitative approach based on constructed questionnaires to identify patterns of factors that influence cash waqf contribution. Structural equation modelling technique is applied in the analysis. Findings show several internal factors, such as religious obligation, benevolence, familiarity with waqf institutions, and access to cash waqf, that have strong relationship with donors’ intention to repeat contribution of cash waqf in the future. Waqf institutions should encourage people to donate cash waqf in Malaysia. However, most of the respondents do not trust waqf institution. Trust is a significant internal factor in the intention to repeat contribution of cash waqf. Thus, waqf institutions should build good reputation and integrity to attract big contributors among Muslims in Malaysia and increase the level of intention among donors (waqif). Waqf institutions should consider these factors in planning their strategies to ensure adequate waqf funds that could accommodate further development for the benefit of th eummah. Keywords: internal factors, cash waqf, Islamic social finance, repeat cash waqf contribution, structural equation modelling (SEM)

This study aims to examine the relationship between the level of education and the willingness to pay zakat among online traders. The research method used in this study is quantitative where survey questions are distributed to online traders around the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur. The findings of this study found that there is a positive relationship between all levels of education in this study and the willingness to pay zakat to online businesses. This study has several limitations, namely the generalization of variables using a limited sample selection and the specific context of the research conducted.

The awareness on cash waqf and the willingness to endow are imperative for the sustainability of the awqaf mechanism. In fact, waqf institutions have taken serious effort to promote waqf financing instrument in order to enhance the awareness and participation of the society. The awareness and the willingness to endow towards cash waqf in Malaysia is still lagging behind compared to other countries like Indonesia and Middle Eastern countries. Thus, in understanding the background of cash waqf endowers, this paper presents the demography and socio-economic profiles of frequent cash waqf cash waqf endower. Survey questionnaire have been distributed to 400 respondents using random sampling and 345 are valid. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of this study show that 55 percent of the respondents had an intention to endow cash waqf continuity is more common among married males of 36 to 40 years old. And live in rural area. Meanwhile, the socio-economic background of respondents shows that continuous cash waqf endowers were mostly graduate professionals and management workers who received formal Islamic education in university and earned between RM 1501-RM3000 monthly. These findings provide some insights of the potential continuous cash waqf endower's profile which might be beneficial to waqf agencies in accumulating waqf contribution in Malaysia.

Greater concern has been given to women as they are being considered as victim or prey of poverty by the international community as well as in Nigeria. This is partly because of what they are earning as income and its inequality around the world. However, the purpose of the paper is to examine the effects of the monthly income on the level of poverty alleviation of women under the National Poverty Eradication Programme (NAPEP) in Kwara State,Nigeria. The paper employs mixed methods as the questionnaire was designed and supplemented by the personal interview. Two hundred (200) respondents were chosen as sample size though stratified sampling technique. The data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and Paired sample t-test. Findings of the study reveal positive and significant effects of the monthly income on the poverty reduction and living condition of the respondents, as there was improvement in their income after their participation in the anti- poverty programme in the State. There should be meaningful financial support to augment the income of the poor. The paper strongly recommends the government to incorporate more poor women in the rural areas in its anti-poverty programme and also curb the rate of corruption in the State.

The awareness on cash waqf contribution and the obligation to donate is now higher among Malaysians. In fact, many Malaysians donate cash waqf repeatedly. In understanding the background of cash waqf contributors, this paper presents the socio-demographic and socioeconomic profiles of those who donate repeatedly. A survey has been distributed to 100 respondents using random sampling. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of this article show that 51 percent respondents claim that they will donate cash waqf repeatedly. Based on the respondent’s demographic background, the prevalence of donating cash waqf repeatedly is more common among females, aged between 20 to 25 years old, single and live in urban area. Meanwhile, the socio-economic background of the respondents shows that repeated cash waqf contributors are mostly professional and management workers, degree and postgraduate degree holders, those who received formal Islamic education in university, and those who earn between RM1501-RM3000 monthly. These findings provide some insights of repeated cash waqf contributor’s profile which might be beneficial to waqf agencies in accumulating waqf contribution in Malaysia.

Nigeria has a longstanding and lingering poverty obstacle despite she has been tried many series of anti-poverty programmes and policies in her history to alleviate the problem in the economy. However, this paper attempts to examine the managing immediate action for women and poverty reduction in Nigeria, especially in Kwara state, using generic theory or simply blaming the system explanation. Under the premise that the poverty is basically caused among the women in the country by the system and society as opposed to the causes of poverty by the individual poor women, themselves. This paper is based largely on academic research that is currently undertaken by the researcher on Kwara state, Nigeria. The paper is conceptual in nature and analytical method is used based on the previous literature to give account to prompt action to manage the poverty situation particularly of the women in the state. The finding shows that government is much more responsible for the longstanding poverty in the country through her inability and failure to provide sufficient socioeconomic amenities for the public and managing the existing ones. It is concluded that the government should try to manage and procure adequate socioeconomic amenities that can assist directly and indirectly, the masses particularly women to reduce poverty incidence in the country. Finally, some policy measures are being recommended to tackle the problem of poverty in general

As one of the most debated topics in international trade, the J-Curve theory has undergone several stages of improvement. This paper tracks those stages consecutively by evaluating the state of the literature. Previous literature and studies on the exchange rate movements on the J-Curve theory to achieved understanding of the effects of exchange rate movements on trade balance substantially which undergone several stages of improvement was gathered within period of 1973 –2013. The study highlights the need for comprehensive studies assessing the overall effect of exchange rate depreciation on trade balance for one country and all of its major trade partners discretely on disaggregated level, i.e. the sector or commodity-level of trade. Although time-consuming and vast, this could be the only way for a country to draw a full picture for the impacts of its monetary policy on trade balance.

Peningkatan import makanan yang berlaku saban tahun memerlukan beberapa penilaian dalam konteks sekuriti makanan negara. Isu menyediakan keperluan keselamatan makanan dalam negara memerlukan tanah digunakan seoptima yang mungkin. Namun dalam konteks Malaysia, keadaan agak sedikit menghairankan apabila ada tanah-tanah pertanian tidak diusahakan dan menjadi terbiar. Sehubungan itu, artikel ini bertujuan untuk memberikan penekanan kepada pengalaman pihak FELCRA dan Koperasi Astana Raja Bhd yang telah mengusahakan tanah-tanah terbiar di daerah Rembau. Dapatan kajian mendapati sepakatan antara tanah telah diperoleh apabila ramai dalam kalangan pemilik yang telah menyertai program yang dilaksana oleh pihak FELCRA dan Koperasi Astana Raja Bhd. Dan sehingga tarikh tamat kontrak, tidak terdapat rungutan ketidakpuasan hati dalam kalangan pemilik. Namun persoalan mulai timbul apakah pemilik tanah ini masih sudi untuk menyertai program yang dianjurkan oleh Koperasi dan FELCRA. Sehubungan itu, adalah penting pihak berkait untuk memikirkan halatuju keterlibatan pemilik tanah seterusnya. Implikasi daripada halatuju seterusnya adalah untuk memikirkan satu kaedah yang boleh memberikan nilai tambah terhadap tanah agar dapat dioptimakan pengeluaran dan seterusnya meningkatkan pendapatan pemilik tanah. Sehubungan itu kertas kerja ini telah mencadangkan 2 kaedah yang boleh menarik pemilik tanah untuk terus bersama dengan agensi ini iaitu melalui usaha agropelancongan dan juga melalui kaedah musharaka mutanaqisah.

Kajian ini bertujuan mengenalpasti persepsi niat penyumbang wakaf tunai yang tidak pasti untuk menyumbang lagi dan hubungannya terhadap integriti institusi wakaf di Malaysia. Oleh itu, kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenalpasti latarbelakang pewakaf yang memberikan maklum balas ‘tidak pasti’(neutral) untuk berniat menyumbang wakaf tunai lagi dalam masa terdekat. Kaji selidik telah diedarkan kepada 400 orang responden secara rawak dan hanya 345 yang valid dan boleh diguna pakai untuk kajian ini. Data dianalisis dengan menggunakan kaedah diskriptif statistik. Hasil kajian mendapati, daripada 345 orang responden, sebanyak 112 (32 peratus) telah memberi maklumbalas bahawa mereka ‘tidak pasti’samada berniat menyumbang wakaf tunai lagi pada masa terdekat. Berdasarkan latar belakang demografi responden tersebut, mereka yang tidak pasti samada ingin menyumbang wakaf tunai lagi adalah dari golongan lelaki, berumur 40 tahun dan keatas, berkahwin dan tinggal di bandar. Manakala dari segi latar belakang sosio ekonomi responden, golongan yang tidak pasti ingin menyumbang wakaf tunai lagi adalah mereka yang bekerja dalam bidang pengurusan dan profesional, pemegang ijazah Sarjana Muda dan mereka yang mendapat pendidikan Islam secara formal di universiti, dan berpendapatan rendah iaitu berpendapatan RM1500 dan ke bawah. Akhir kajian juga mendapati persepsi tidak pasti untuk berwakaf lagi ini tidak dipengaruhi oleh persepsi mereka terhadap integriti institusi wakaf di Malaysia. Oleh itu usaha dakwah untuk menggalakkan aktiviti berwakaf perlu diteruskan dari semasa ke semasa untuk meningkatkan harta wakaf yang boleh dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Islam keseluruhannya.

In Malaysia, the management of waqf has been placed under the supervision/purview of State Islamic Religious Councils (SIRC). They are the sole trustees of waqf as enshrined in the Malaysian Federal Constitution/respective State’s waqf enactments. In order to ensure the betterment of the socio-economic impact to the society by employing the awqaf mechanisms, the development of waqf either the physical or non-physical development must be under the management and purview of SIRCs. Federal agencies such as Department of Awqaf, Zakat and Hajj (JAWHAR) and Malaysian Awqaf Foundation (YWM) have helped in enhancing the potential of waqf in Malaysia. Involvement of other agencies also contributed to the success story of the waqf developments in Malaysia. Thus, this paper will focus on: firstly, the basic concepts of waqf and its legislation in Malaysia and secondly the preliminary study on the socio-economic impact of selected waqf projects. The selected waqf projects are the Terengganu Culinary Academy and USIM’s Specialist Medical Clinic (USMC). The former had been developed as joint ventures between SIRC and YWM and other agencies in the areas of education/training. We will look at the mechanism of its establishment and the socio-economic impact of the development that brings fruitful benefits thereby empowering the mawquf ‘alaih (the intended beneficiaries). The USMC is a joint cooperation between USIM and the SRIC NS which committed RM 2 million (RM 1 million as waqf grant and RM 1 million as Qardhul Hasan towards establishment of the clinic. The State Government provided funds to establish a specialist mobile clinic which facilitates medical specialists from USMC to do medical screenings of patients in rural areas.

In Malaysia waqf is regulated and managed by the State Islamic religious council (SIRC) in each of the states. This requirement is also applied to the higher education institutions. However, not all the SIRCs are willing to grant the mutawalli status to the higher education institutions due to the certain reasons. This paper investigates the willingness of selected SIRCs in granting the mutawalli status to the higher education institutions. In this study, respondents from six SIRCs which have involvement with higher education institutions were interviewed. The six SIRCs are from the states of Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Selangor, Perak, Penang and the Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur. The findings were analysed using the interpretative analysis. It was found that one SIRC is not willing to grant the mutawalli status viz. Federal Territories of Kuala Lumpur Islamic Religious Council. In the states in which waqf is not enacted, it is suggested that the SIRCs could consider putting a provision to grant the mutawalli status to those who are competent.

Convenience and ease of ICT�s usage in teaching and learning in higher education indeed facilitate and fascinate most of students in the modern world. Thus, this paper focused on the usage of the Turnitin software in the higher education learning (not only for the purpose of anti-plagiarism) but could be used as self-evaluation tool inculcating critical thinking in integrating the Naqli and Aqli in the subject of Malaysian Economy. 271 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Economic and Mumalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) taking subjects of Malaysian Economy were involved. A simple individual assignment was instructed early in the semester and were to upload their assignment through the turnitin system in the second week. All students are allowed to review their submission according to their performance in similarity percentage from turnitin system, and are to resubmit their assignment in the tenth week. This paper analyses the relationship between originality, exam grade and gender. At the end of the study, it was found there are significant relation among originality and exam grade as well as gender. Thus, turnitin systems help student in improving their skill in integrating the Naqli and Aqli reasoning for the subject of Malaysian Economy.

Convenience and ease of ICT’s usage in teaching and learning in higher education indeed facilitate and fascinate most of students in the modern world. Thus, this paper focused on the usage of the Turnitin software in the higher education learning(not only for the purpose of anti-plagiarism) but could be used as self-evaluation tool inculcating critical thinking in integrating the Naqli and Aqli in the subject of Malaysian Economy. 271 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Economic and Mumalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) taking subjects of Malaysian Economy were involved. A simple individualassignment was instructed early in the semester and were to upload their assignment through the turnitin system in the secondweek. All students are allowed to review their submission according to their performance in similarity percentage from turnitin system, and are to resubmit their assignment in the tenth week. This paper analyses the relationship between originality, exam grade and gender. At the end of the study, it was found there are significant relation among originality and exam grade as well as gender. Thus, turnitin systems help student in improving their skill in integrating the Naqli and Aqli reasoning for the subject of Malaysian Economy.

Convenience and ease of ICT’s usage in teaching and learning in higher education indeed facilitate and fascinate most of students in the modern world. Thus, this paper focused on the usage of the Turnitin software in the higher education learning (not only for the purpose of anti-plagiarism) but could be used as self-evaluation tool inculcating critical thinking in integrating the Naqli and Aqli in the subject of Malaysian Economy. 271 undergraduate students from the Faculty of Economic and Mumalat, Universiti Sains Islam Malaysia (USIM) taking subjects of Malaysian Economy were involved. A simple individual assignment was instructed early in the semester and were to upload their assignment through the turnitin system in the second week. All students are allowed to review their submission according to their performance in similarity percentage from turnitin system, and are to resubmit their assignment in the tenth week. This paper analyses the relationship between originality, exam grade and gender. At the end of the study, it was found there are significant relation among originality and exam grade as well as gender. Thus, turnitin systems help student in improving their skill in integrating the Naqli and Aqli reasoning for the subject of Malaysian Economy.