The authentication of food products from the presence of non-allowed components for certain religion like lard is very important. In this study, we used proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (H-2-NMR) spectroscopy for the analysis of butter adulterated with lard by simultaneously quantification of all proton bearing compounds, and consequently all relevant sample classes. Since the spectra obtained were too complex to be analyzed visually by the naked eyes, the classification of spectra was carried out. The multivariate calibration of partial least square (PLS) regression was used for modelling the relationship between actual value of lard and predicted value. The model yielded a highest regression coefficient (R-2) of 0.998 and the lowest root mean square error calibration (RMSEC) of 0.0091% and root mean square error prediction (RMSEP) of 0.0090, respectively. Cross validation testing evaluates the predictive power of the model. PLS model was shown as good models as the intercept of (RY)-Y-2 and Q(2)Y were 0.0853 and -0.309, respectively.

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a generic term that refers to Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. The precise aetiology of these diseases remains unknown. However, both are believed to result from the interaction of environmental factors, immune response and genetic factors. The impact of environmental factors such as smoking, diet, drug, geographical and social status, stress, microbial agents, intestinal permeability and appendectomy appear to be associated with IBD pathogenesis. Some varieties of these factors modify gene expression in susceptible individuals and modulate the effector function of the intestinal immune system. To understand the IBD pathogenesis, several studies have reported that luminal bacteria play an essential role in development of IBDs. Various bacterial pathogens have been incriminated but the results obtained have been conflicting. No specific pathogen has been identified as being causally associated with IBD. However, it is widely thought that, in IBD cases, individuals appear to lose the normal tolerance to commensal bacteria leading to an elevated inflammatory response. By contrast to healthy gut, the symbiotic relationship between the host and the commensal bacteria exposure leads to the down-regulation of inflammatory genes. Therefore, this brief review focuses on the microbial aetiology of IBD. (c) 2007 Wolters Kluwer Health.