Duckweed species are nutritionally meaningless plant which grow wildly in unattended areas. Therefore, understanding the metabolites content in duckweed species is essential for designing a future food products. Here, we report an untargeted Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach for comprehensively discriminating between Lemna minor and Wolffia globosa of duckweeds species using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). Ten differential metabolites levels were tentatively identified between L. minor and W. globosa. Relative to W. globosa, L. minor appeared to enrich with 5-Hydroxyl-L-tryptophan, Tocopheryl acetate, Naringenin, α-linolenic acid and glutamic acid. Furthermore, the nutritional and microbial analyses of ice cream formulated with dried L. minor were investigated. The nutritional analysis results show that relative to control, the ice cream with 2% dried L. minor had significantly increased protein, fiber and ash content. In addition, total plate count (TPC) for microbial analysis of duckweed ice cream was performed. The result suggested that the small amount of bacteria (3.82 cfu/g) was traced in formulated ice cream with 2% dried L. minor. Overall, the metabolites profile, nutritional and microbial analyses of food used L. minor plant indicate that duckweed is a good candidate for future food.

he mangrove ecosystem contains sediment microorganisms that play a crucial part in the decomposition of organic matter and the cycling of water and nutrients in the mangrove. Here we present the metagenomics whole genome shotgun (mWGS) sequence data analysis from three soil samples that were collected at the freshwater riverine mangrove at Lukut River, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. Data analysis shows different distributions of bacteria of the genera Bradyrhizobium, Methyloceanibacter and Desulfobacteaceae were detected in soil samples collected at freshwater riverine mangrove. In the data analysis, we report the existence of a large number of Carbohydrate-Active genes in metagenomes collected from mangrove soil. An in-depth exploration of functional annotation analysis based on the KEGG database also showed that the most abundant genes found in these three soils are those that function in carbon fixation pathways, followed by methane, nitrogen, sulfur metabolisms, atrazine and dioxin degradations

Duckweed is a future food and a source of affordable protein that has the potential to replace animal protein. This study aims to formulate a bio-fertilizer consisting of mangrove-associated bacteria to boost the growth and protein of duckweeds as a sustainable approach to increase plant-based protein yields. The culture-depending technique was performed by using Aleksandrow agar, Pikovskaya’s agar, and Jensen agar to screen potassium-solubilizing bacteria, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria and nitrogen-fixing bacteria, respectively, from mangrove soil sediments. Mangrove-associated bacteria that are close to Acinetobacter radioresistens, Brachybacterium paraconglomeratum, and Enterobacter cloacae, which are known as nitrogen-fixing bacteria, Klebsiella quasipneumoniae, Bacillus tropicus, and Paenibacillus pasadenensis known as potassium-solubilizing bacteria, and Bacillus cereus and Bacillus thuringiensis known as phosphate-solubilizing bacteria were identified through 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After that, three sets of bio-fertilizers were randomly formulated. Each set consisted of nitrogen-fixing bacteria, potassium- and phosphate-solubilizing bacteria, as well as commercial compost as a carrier. These formulated bio-fertilizers were evaluated for plant growth promotion and protein production on duckweed plants under temperatures between 26 and 30°C. The results showed that each set of our formulated bio-fertilizer can increase the nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), duckweed growth, and protein content when compared to the control group. It indicates that bio-fertilizers formulated with mangrove-associated bacteria and high NPK contents could enhance the growth of duckweed as well as its protein content, which could supply our future plant-based protein sustainably.