Graphene/semicrystalline-carbon in the form of carbon flakes is produced by carbonization up to 600, 700, 800, 900 and 1000 degrees C, respectively, of the amylose films prepared by a casting method on copper foil substrate. The carbon flakes are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) method to determine their microcrystallite interlayer spacing, width and stack-height; and Raman spectroscopy (RS) method to obtain structural information from the D-, D2- and G-bands peak-intensities. The XRD results show that increase in carbonization temperature lead to similar to(1-3 %), similar to 85 % and similar to 30 % increase in the microcrystallites interlayer spacing, width and stack-height, respectively, indicating that a larger growth of microcrytallite of carbon flakes occurs in the direction parallel to (001) plane or film planar surface. The specific surface area of carbon flakes estimated from the XRD results in decreases from similar to 4400 to similar to 3400 m(2)/g, corresponding to the specific capacitance between similar to 500 to similar to 400 F/g, which are well within the range of specific capacitance for typical electrodes carbon for supercapacitor application. The RS results show that the multilayer graphene co-exist with semicrystalline-carbon within the carbon flakes, with the multilayer graphene relative quantities increase with increasing carbonization temperature.

Absorption is one of the effective, simple and economical methods to remove oil from oily wastewater. The most widely used approach is to utilize lignocellulosic biomass as oil absorbent. However, the hygroscopic of cellulose have limited the oil-water separation capability of lignocellulosic fibers. In this study, the surface functionality of oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibers was slightly altered by grafting reduced graphene oxide (rGO). The modified EFB fibers show a distinct morphological and chemical characteristics changes as the surface of fibers has been coated with rGO. This was supported by FTIR analysis with the diminishing peak of hydroxyl group region of EFB fibers. While the surface modification on EFB fibers shows a diminution of a hydrophilic characteristic of 131.6% water absorption in comparison with 268.9% of untreated EFB fibers. Moreover, modified fibers demonstrated an oil-water separation increment as well, as it shows 89% of oil uptake and improved similar to 17 times of oil selectivity in oil-water emulsion than untreated EFB fibers.

Purpose - This paper aims to present the viability of unit trust waqf (Islamic endowment) as an alternative asset class for waqf creation. Design/methodology/approach - This paper starts with the conceptual exploration of the literature in the areas of waqf. The sources of the literature cover authentic sources of the Qur'an and hadith, as well as secondary sources such as books, journal articles and online resources. Findings - This paper provides the conceptual framework of five models of unit trust waqf and their investment management parameters. Originality/value - The novelty of this paper lies in its attempt to highlight the importance of waqf investment strategy in ensuring sustainable returns for waqf. It does so by introducing the conceptual models of unit trust waqf as viable mechanisms to pool more cash waqf from individual investors. The sustainability of the capital waqf assets in the form of unit trusts is maintained through the parameters for its application proposed towards the end of the paper.