A motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) has performed successfully as a control mechanism with multiple electroencephalogram (EEG) channels. For practicality, fewer EEG channels are preferable. This paper investigates a single-channel EEG signal for MI. However, there are insufficient features that can be extracted due to a single-channel EEG signal being used in one region of the brain. An effective feature extraction technique plays a critical role in overcoming this limitation. Therefore, this study proposes a fusion of discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based and time-domain feature extraction to provide more relevant information for classification. The highest accuracy obtained on the BCI Competition III (IVa) dataset is 87.5% with logistic regression (LR) while the OpenBMI dataset attained the highest accuracy of 93% with support vector machine (SVM) as the classifier. Addressing the potential of enhancing the performance of a single EEG channel located on the forehead, the achieved result is relatively promising.

The debilitating effect of traumatic brain injury (TBI) extends years after the initial injury and hampers the recovery process and quality of life. In this study, we explore the functional reorganization of the default mode network (DMN) of those affected with non-severe TBI. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a wide-spectrum disease that has heterogeneous effects on its victims and impacts everyday functioning. The functional disruption of the default mode network (DMN) after TBI has been established, but its link to causal effective connectivity remains to be explored. This study investigated the differences in the DMN between healthy participants and mild and moderate TBI, in terms of functional and effective connectivity using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Nineteen non-severe TBI (mean age 30.84 ± 14.56) and twenty-two healthy (HC; mean age 27.23 ± 6.32) participants were recruited for this study. Resting-state fMRI data were obtained at the subacute phase (mean days 40.63 ± 10.14) and analyzed for functional activation and connectivity, independent component analysis, and effective connectivity within and between the DMN. Neuropsychological tests were also performed to assess the cognitive and memory domains. Compared to the HC, the TBI group exhibited lower activation in the thalamus, as well as significant functional hypoconnectivity between DMN and LN. Within the DMN nodes, decreased activations were detected in the left inferior parietal lobule, precuneus, and right superior frontal gyrus. Altered effective connectivities were also observed in the TBI group and were linked to the diminished activation in the left parietal region and precuneus. With regard to intra-DMN connectivity within the TBI group, positive correlations were found in verbal and visual memory with the language network, while a negative correlation was found in the cognitive domain with the visual network. Our results suggested that aberrant activities and functional connectivities within the DMN and with other RSNs were accompanied by the altered effective connectivities in the TBI group. These alterations were associated with impaired cognitive and memory domains in the TBI group, in particular within the language domain. These findings may provide insight for future TBI observational and interventional research.

Objective: This study examines the difference of interference effect in high and low neuroticism. Material and Methods: Low and high groups of neuroticism performed the congruent and incongruent Stroop Colour Word task in the Event Related Potential session. The ERP P300 was extracted and analysed. Results: High neuroticism exhibited larger P300 amplitude than low neuroticism in both congruent and incongruent condition. Conclusion: High neuroticism appraises conflict and non-conflict condition under incompatibility manner driven by prefrontal cortical top–down control.

Background: We aimed to find the commonly used assessments to evaluate driver’s mental workload and its relationship with driving distraction. Methods: Academic articles such as journals, books, reports and conference papers that are related to workload measurements methods used in identifying mental workload among drivers that are dated from Jan 2015 to Apr 2020 were used in this paper. Then, PRISMA checklist and flow diagram are being applied. Results: The few commonly used assessments in evaluating mental workload among drivers are Karolinska Sleepiness Scale (KSS), NASA TLX, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Heart Rate (HR), eye tracking and driving performance. Moreover, different types of driving distractions show to affect the driver’s mental workload in one way or another when being evaluated using these assessments. Conclusion: The finding of this study can be used to find the gap for future research in vehicle safety by using multimodal monitoring of different types of assessments to increase the validity and robustness in driving assessment.

Driving vehicles has become more complex. Thus, drivers who are not engaged with any non-related driving activities, that is performing in-vehicle secondary task, are unusual nowadays. Statistics also shows the higher number of crashes come from distracted driving. In addition, currently, there is limited review have been done to compile and review the physiological method, driving distraction and its effect on the driver. Therefore, this paper aims to review the effect of driver’s in-vehicle distraction and secondary task during driving on driver’s health and safety. A systematic search was conducted on the basis of the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews by using PRISMA guidelines. Any criteria were imposed for the included sample. The search was focused on in-vehicle secondary task and distraction. Results showed that 21 articles investigated the major ability for in-vehicle secondary task distraction using physiological measures. Findings showed a significant effect of the in-vehicle secondary task and distraction on driver’s condition. Drivers’ characteristics such as their experience and age are also factors in determining the effect of distraction and secondary tasks on their condition. However, further studies are needed to understand the physiological effect of secondary task on young driver’s condition due to the relatively higher number of crash rates from those at a young age.

The strife for equality between men and women is an ideology that has long been propagated by feminists. Among the equalities being propagated is women’s ability to use common sense at par with men to the extent that they proclaim some of the Qur’anic verses and hadiths related to women as irrelevant. To them, the prescribed texts seem to degrade women. To dispute this ideology, the classic and also the present scholars of Islam presented arguments to disprove the notion by the feminists. However, in rebutting this ideology, arguments based on the neuroscience perspective are yet to be discovered. Therefore, this article will incorporate the arguments from the perspectives of naqli (the Qur’an and Hadith) and neuroscience in terms of the different aspects of male and female brain function. This study employs qualitative methods through content analysis of Qur’anic texts, ahadith and neuroscience facts. The findings show that there are differences in the structure and function of the male and female brains. Consequently, there is no such ideology of equality due to the differences in the structure and function of the male and female brains that correspond to their roles and complement each other. It is hoped that this finding will enhance the public understanding that Islam glorifies women and that their obligations as caliphs on this earth are in accordance with their nature, either from the biological, psychological and emotional regards.

Aging is a complex process characterized by progressive loss of functional abilities due to the accumulation of molecular damages. Metabolomics could offer novel insights into the predictors and mechanisms of aging. This cross-sectional study is aimed at identifying age-associated plasma metabolome in a Malay population. A total of 146 (90 females) healthy participants aged 28–69 were selected for the study. Untargeted metabolomics profiling was performed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Association analysis was based on the general linear model. Gender-associated metabolites were adjusted for age, while age-associated metabolites were adjusted for gender or analyzed in a gender-stratified manner. Gender-associated metabolites such as 4-hydroxyphenyllactic acid, carnitine, cortisol, and testosterone sulfate showed higher levels in males than females. Deoxycholic acid and hippuric acid were among the metabolites with a positive association with age after being adjusted for gender, while 9(E),11(E)-conjugated linoleic acid, cortisol, and nicotinamide were negatively associated with age. In gender-stratified analysis, glutamine was one of the common metabolites that showed a direct association with age in both genders, while metabolites such as 11-deoxy prostaglandin F2β, guanosine monophosphate, and testosterone sulfate were inversely associated with age in males and females. This study reveals several age-associated metabolites in Malays that could reflect the changes in metabolisms during aging and may be used to discern the risk of geriatric syndromes and disorders later. Further studies are required to determine the interplay between these metabolites and environmental factors on the functional outcomes during aging.

Working memory (WM) encompasses crucial cognitive processes or abilities to retain and manipulate temporary information for immediate execution of complex cognitive tasks in daily functioning such as reasoning and decision-making. The WM of individuals sustaining traumatic brain injury (TBI) was commonly compromised, especially in the domain of WM. The current study investigated the brain responses of WM in a group of participants with mild–moderate TBI compared to their healthy counterparts employing functional magnetic resonance imaging. All consented participants (healthy: n = 26 and TBI: n = 15) performed two variations of the n-back WM task with four load conditions (0-, 1-, 2-, and 3-back). The respective within-group effects showed a right hemisphere-dominance activation and slower reaction in performance for the TBI group. Random-effects analysis revealed activation difference between the two groups in the right occipital lobe in the guided n-back with cues, and in the bilateral occipital lobe, superior parietal region, and cingulate cortices in the n-back without cues. The left middle frontal gyrus was implicated in the load-dependent processing of WM in both groups. Further group analysis identified that the notable activation changes in the frontal gyri and anterior cingulate cortex are according to low and high loads. Though relatively smaller in scale, this study was eminent as it clarified the neural alterations in WM in the mild–moderate TBI group compared to healthy controls. It confirmed the robustness of the phenomenon in TBI with the reproducibility of the results in a heterogeneous non-Western sample.

Recently, there has been a growing interest in human mind reading by monitoring brain activity using electroencephalography (EEG).The literature on the application of EEG in education has since grown. The paper therefore aimed to review the research evidence of the EEG use in the education field since this technology is new and not commonly used in education. EEG tests are commonly used in health and clinical diagnoses. Data were collected from bibliographic databases and key research journals (journal articles and journal proceedings). Throughout the review, the resources were chosen based on specific criteria for inclusion, followed by a standardised evaluation process to ensure commonality and comprehensiveness. This information is important to further EEG employment in the didactic field and study of brain activity of learners during teaching and learning process

To address the accessibility of funds from social support groups in order to enable the poor to undergo cataract operation and restore their eyesight. Awareness on the availability of fund among the poor is still low, thus highlighting the need for promotion of the facility. All data of patient who underwent cataract surgery with intraocular lens implanted from January 2012 to June 2014 in Ampang Hospital, Malaysia were retrieved. The records showed that 102 patients were funded for cataract surgery and had intraocular lens implanted. Almost all of these patients had low vision to near blindness prior to surgery but achieved excellent visual acuity post-operation. Restoring sight from cataract is a necessity for these patients since it will lead to a more productive life and increase the quality of life. Up to this date, various social support groups have contributed significantly to enable the poor to access advanced health care services. With the cooperation of Ampang Hospital and the Social Welfare Department of Malaysia, a simple method is needed to determine the eligibility of funding among poor patients who are required to undergo cataract surgery and intraocular lens implantation. The financial contributions from the various social support groups and non-governmental organizations are noble and sustainable. Restoring eyesight contributes to better quality of life amongst the underprivileged population.

Ruqyah is a prayer therapy used for specific treatments, which consists of a particular series of readings from the sources of the verses of the Qur’an and the hadith of the Prophet Muhamad SAW. Imam Qurtubi believed that ‘ruqyah quraniyah’ therapy could contribute to healing physical and spiritual ailments. The resonance effect on the ruqyah therapy of the verses of the Qur’an has a tremendous impact on each reading that is heard (voiced) for various objects. The Research question in this research is how the effectiveness of using ruqyah quraniyah on the effect of brain waves on the healing of Tourette syndrome patients at dr.Sardjito Yogyakarta? This study uses a qualitative method with an experimental phenomenological approach. The experimental stage stimulated it with a variant of the codification of the ruqyah verses in the form of ‘Hizb Bahr,’ which was tested on pediatric neurology patients for eight weeks so that the patient’s brain memory records resulted in refraction and habits. This result indicates that patients with TS change to improve along with psychological conditions that can be calmed by listening to the beauty of the ‘Hizb Bahr’ in daily life for eight consecutive weeks. The state of listening to the beauty of reading the Qur’an in this ‘ruqyah quraniyah’ codification model essentially conditions the patient’s brain waves at the alpha level. No frontal beta makes the patient perform reflex activities as long as his psychological state is calm and controlled