In a way to make the result of Information Retrieval (IR) more accurate, a stemmer is needed to differentiate the words in searching useful information. This research aims to analyze both processing speed and accuracy of the Malay Language Stemmer such as Fatimah Stemmer and UniSZA Stemmer. This research will also compare the performance of Fuzzy Logic Ranking Function using the both stemmer. Evaluation of Recall and Precision using the relevant judgement list by the expert. The results presented UniSZA Stemmer clearly dominated the Fatimah Stemmer processing speed performance with faster times recorded in each set of the experiment, however, in term of accuracy, unfortunately Fatimah Stemmer has clearly dominated the UniSZA stemming accuracy performance with having much more correct stemmed words for each set of the experiment. The results also showed that Fuzzy Logic Ranking with Fatimah Stemmer has outperformed Fuzzy Logic Ranking with UniSZA Stemmer and English Porter Stemmer on 5 out of 8 Topic Set of query results on the Mean Average Precision measure. Fuzzy Logic Ranking with Fatimah Stemmer also gets the best result on the Precision at Rank 10, Mean Average Precision and the percentage of no relevant document in the top ten retrieved measures, on the topic that has most queries which is topic 'Umum' that has a total of 11 queries. � 2018 IEEE.

Ranking function acts as a predictive algorithm that is used to establish a simple ordering of documents according to its relevance and this process shows the effectiveness, quality and the accuracy for the variety type of Information Retrieval (IR) such as, Domain Specific Retrieval of Malay Translated Hadith. In this research, a Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic Controller of Mamdani-type Fuzzy Inference System has been built to define the ranking function based on the BM25 Model. The model examines four-inputs which are Ontology BM25 Score, Fabrication Rate of Hadith, Shia Rate of Hadith from the previous works of the researchers and the New additional Positive Rate of Hadith. It also examines four-output values of Final Ranking Score which consist of three triangular membership functions. The new Positive Rate of hadith is based on the score value of the automatic text summarization that was executed in pre-processing phase. The proposed system has outperformed the BM25 original score and the Vector Space Model (VM) on 5 topic of queries and 26 queries in the term of individual queries, while the BM25 original score and Vector Space Model only yielded better result in 3 and 0 queries respectively on the P@10, %no measures and MAP. P@10 represent the values of Precision at Rank 10 P@10), %no measures represent the percentage of queries with no relevant documents in the top ten retrieved and MAP represents Mean Average Precision of the queries. The results show the proposed system have capability to demote negative documents and move up the relevant documents in the ranking list with positive indicator and its capability to recall unseen document with the application of ontology in text retrieval. For the future works, the researcher would like to apply the usage of new ranking indicator such as reliability score from the expert and the lay users of the Domain Specific Retrieval of Malay Translated Hadith. � 2019 IEEE.

In this article, the researchers main contribution is to investigate three factors which may correlate in implementation of Expert Judgment Z-Numbers as new Fuzzy Logic Ranking Indicator such as: expert relevance judgment or score, the expert confidence and the level of expertise. The Expert Judgment Z-Numbers then will be an input to the Hierarchical Fuzzy Logic System of Domain Specific Text Retrieval, along with other indicators such as Ontology BM25 Score, Fabrication Rate, Shia Rate and Positive Rate of hadith document. The results showed, the proposed system, with the additional new indicator of Expert Judgment Z-Numbers, may improve the original BM25 ranking function, by yielding better results on 26 queries, on all evaluation metrics that are measured in this research such as P@10, %no measures and MAP, and has achieved better results in 28 queries on P@10 alone, compared to the BM25 original score, that only yield better results in 2 queries on all evaluation metrics, and also yield better results in 4 queries on the MAP alone. The results proved that the proposed system has a capability to utilize the expert confidence and their relevant judgment that are represented in Z-Number, as an indicator to optimize the existing ranking function system and has a potential for a further research to be conducted on these domains. For the future works, the researchers would like to enhance this research by including a variety of expert’s level confidence and their judgment, also a new calculation to represent the value of Z-Numbers.

Text representation plays an important role in text classification. Commonly, text representation uses the term frequency technique. Hadith texts consist of two parts; they are the chain of narrators and the content. The term frequency technique is usually used for the content text representation. This research explains the text representation for chain of narrators in hadith texts. The chain of narrators was depicted using graph technique as text representation. A total of 18 hadith texts were used in representing chain of narrators as text representation. The narrator's name and relationships between narrators extracted from hadith texts which produced 82 narrator names and 85 connections between narrators. The 82 names were used as nodes, while the 85 connections as the relationships. The text representation graph subsequently used in the hadith text classification research based on chain of narrators. � 2016 IEEE.

Ranking is likely the most important process of an Information Retrieval (IR) system that will be used to evaluate and measure the effectiveness of an IR system. This paper aims to produce the implementation of Fuzzy Logic Controller of Mamdani-type Fuzzy Inference System for defining the ranking function by using the BM25 Model in the Malay IR System that also includes the Malay Stemmer. The result of the ranking function then will be compared to the result of Vector Space Model that is also applied in Malay IR System and be evaluated using relevant document by the Hadith expert. The results showed that FBMIR has slightly outperformed Vector Space Model on 3 Topic Set of query results such as 'Iman', 'Ilmu' and 'Wuduk' on the Precision at Rank 10 and the percentage of no relevant document in the top ten retrieved measures. � 2017 IEEE.

The Byzantine Empire was reported to have stopped paying tribute to the Abbasid Empire, which they had previously paid twice annually. For this reason, according to ‘Abd Al-Jabbār (d.415/1025), the Caliph decided to put pressure on Byzantium by sending them a letter. This letter is however full of Qur’ānic references and biographical information about Muh. ammad (sīra nabawiyya), rather than dealing with the issue of tribute. The present study seeks to explore, Ibn al-Layth’s (d. c.203/819) letter to the Byzantine Emperor that contains biographical information about the Prophet Muhammad. It will also analyse the authors’ hermeneutical responses to and understanding of Qur’ānic references to Muh. ammad’s early life. The study is qualitative in nature, and is one in which the researcher will employ both descriptive and source-critical approaches. The study in its finding argues that being embedded with Qur’ānic biographical information of Muslim’s prophet, the letter was not intended solely for the Byzantine emperor; it also, alluded the message to the emperor’s ecclesiastical authorities and religious advisors, which are likely to have had a considerable influence upon Constantine’s decision. It also avows that, based on the phrasing and terms he uses, the author might possibly be following the style and conventions of the early Muslim court’s writing that bolstered their letter with appropriate verses from the Qur’ ān. The first letter of the Prophet to the Heraclius and the letter of ‘Umar II to Leo III are salient exemplars of this practice.