The aim of this study was to identify risks faced by farmers in agriculture projects and evaluate their risk management practices. A case study was conducted on a rock melon farm at Sepang, Selangor involving four farmers and two officers. Content analysis was used to analyse data collected from interview sessions. Risks were grouped into three criteria; risks created by farmers, internal operational risks and external operational risks. Risks by farmers were studied based on attitude, lack of knowledge/training, non-cooperation among farmers and non-adherence to SOPs. Risks by internal operation were mainly due to poor farm management, insufficient fund/capital, diverse farm activities and poor KPI. For risk from outside operation, the factors were changes in government policy. For agriculture production, risks were grouped into machine efficiency, pests and technology. For machine efficiency, the factors were immature technology and small firm size. For pest, the factors were pest attack and spread of disease. For technology, the factors were unsuitable technology for local farming, high cost and maintenance. For risk management practices, participants view risk management process as risk identification, risk evaluation, risk assessment and risk control. Risk management strategies to mitigate risks were product diversification, keeping record on farm activities, enhancing skills and knowledge in farm management, multitasking by farmers and having a comprehensive risk management guideline.

The paper estimates the multiscale relationship between stock prices and exchange rates of 75 Malaysian non-financial firms by applying the wavelet analysis on daily data running from 1995 to 2016. The analysis is done for the overall sample and also by segregating the selected firms into 15 industries in Malaysia. Results from the ordinary least square (OLS) regression are also obtained for comparison purpose. The beta coefficients of exposure are shown to exhibit multiscale tendency in all analyses. Higher exposure is recorded at higher timescale for the overall and negative exposure, confirming the initial prediction of higher exposure in wider investment horizon. The study also shows higher wavelet exposure at high scale compared to the exposure obtained from the OLS estimate, providing support on the higher measurement power of the wavelet analysis to study the exposure level. Index Terms: Exchange rate, Currency exposure, Wavelet, Malaysia.

This study discusses and explains behavioural and psychological factors influencing decision-making under uncertainty, i.e. outcome of the decision is uncertain as in insurance purchasing. The contributions of this study to insurance purchase decisionmaking are two-folds. First, it contributes to improve insurance companies understanding on their customers' decision-making behaviours and biases. Therefore, they can better market their products. Second, it contributes to improve insurance buyers understanding on decision-making biases influencing their judgement when they make decision under uncertainty. Therefore, they can make better decision when purchasing insurance products and the amount of coverage. Insurance purchase decision is complex and difficult. The complexities arise from issues such as evaluating the likelihood and magnitude of risks, assessing financial needs and choosing an insurance package. The difficulties arise because insurance buyers face difficulties to predict the likelihood and magnitude of highly unlikely and largely unfamiliar future events. The buyers also face difficulties in understanding risks. They fail in properly evaluate the extent, frequency and probabilities of risks, and in interpreting them correctly. They also face difficulties in choosing and evaluating insurance price, quality, and benefits, and in comparing different insurance products provided in the market. Studies have shown that insurance purchase decision is influenced by emotions such as affection, love, fear and anxiety. The emotions created decision-making biases. The biases can be the result of cognitive limitations, information processing and perception, problem organizing and cognitive styles. This study groups decision-making biases influencing insurance purchase decision in two: biases in heuristic judgement and decision framing. Detail explanation of both biases are given. The biases occur because of the interactions between the two human thinking systems, which is also discussed.

Purpose – The quality of accounting information is a very important part for the company because it will have an impact on internal and external parties. However, in Indonesia this is still a problem, therefore this research was conducted to reduce this problem by making digitization as variable that can affect the quality of accounting information. Digitalization is able to increase transparency and accuracy through automation in the financial reporting process so that can support the quality of financial reporting. Design/methodology/approach – The sample in this research are companies engaged in the food and beverage, textile, and chemical sectors which focus on these three sectors because they are in line with a development initiative called "Making Indonesia 4.0". Research on this topic is still in the exploratory stage. The hypothesis of this research was rejected because the measurement of digitization used in this research was measured through voluntary disclosures by companies in the company's annual report, where in this case not all companies implementing digitization disclose their digitalization efforts. Findings – The results of this research analysis show that the application of digitalization in companies has not been maximized However, this study shows that the application of digitalization has a negative but insignificant effect on absolute discretionary accruals which describes the behavior of accrual earnings management. Originality/value – Further research on the effect of digitalization disclosure on the quality of accounting information is still rare and is still in the exploratory stage and this research is also supported by the Indonesian government's initiatives in order to encourage the implementation of digitalization of Indonesian companies called "Making Indonesia 4.0" which is in line with this research. Research limitations/implications – For further researchers, they can increase the number of samples, extend the year of observation, use other perspectives from the quality of accounting information and use other digitization measurements.

The aim of this study is to discover strengths and limitations of Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) as a risk prioritisation tool for risk management. The study developed a risk management problem and used AHP to organise and structure risks and sub-risks of the problem. It used formative evaluation method with open-ended questionnaires to obtain feedbacks from risk managers on AHP. The study documented the following strengths of AHP: it is easy to use and understand, improves understanding of a problem and improve risk assessment. AHP improves risk assessment in the following ways: it provides a systematic risk assessment process, a clear and transparent risk assessment, facilitates debate and discussion of the risk ranking, and assists risk managers to make explicit trade-off between the risks and sub-risks. AHP is useful for problems with intangible elements, scarce data or requiring subjective judgements. AHP limitations are: too many pairwise comparisons decreasing risk managers concentration and the repetitiveness of the pairwise comparisons resulting in decision fatigue. The consequence, risk managers did not answer all questions or just answer the questions randomly.

Credit scoring models are used in decision-making processes to produce an accurate prediction of an applicant’s creditworthiness. A five-step credit scoring model for personal loans was developed using the seven-step credit scoring model by Siddiqi. It uses real data provided by a bank. This study aims to remove the unnecessary complexity of the credit scoring process. The five-step credit scoring model consists of data massaging, factor analysis, data mining modelling, credit scoring and post-modelling. To ensure accuracy, factors that were significant in determining the creditworthiness of applicants were used in the model, which are the type of installment, age, monthly expenses, job sector, payment method and income-to-finance ratio. Furthermore, by presenting a systematic and structured step for developing a credit scoring model, this study contributed to the research on credit scoring. Based on the findings of this study, banks may use this model to create their own credit scoring model to assess the creditworthiness of personal loan applicants. By managing risks with this model, banks can create a long-term solution for credit system management and aid in the decision-making process

Purpose of the study: This study explores risks face by small and medium enterprises (SMES), in particular micro enterprises, and risk mitigation techniques used to manage the risks. The objectives of the study are to identify risks face by SMES, the impacts of the risks and mitigation techniques to manage the risks. Methodology: The study uses a case study approach. The subject of investigation is a small restaurant in a fisherman village in Muar Johor. Data are collected using interviews and walk through observations. The data are analysed in four steps to determine risks, impacts and mitigations techniques. The first step is to analyse problems faced by the business and impacts of the problems. The second step is translating the problems into risks. The third step is analysing the impacts and translating the impacts to risk impacts. The fourth step is analysing the feedbacks to find techniques used by the owner to mitigate the problems. The mitigations techniques are considered as risk mitigation techniques. Main Findings: The study finds SMEs particularly micro enterprise faces the following risks: financial, operational, strategic, hazard, human comfort, succession, equipment failure and health. The risk impacts are reduction in revenues, increase in cost of business operation, and inability to expand the business and decrease income. The study finds, owners are aware of risks face by the business and able to mitigate the risk. However, the study concludes that the owners do not have a formal and systematic risk management practice and relies on informal risk mitigations techniques. Novelty of the study: This study demonstrates a structured and systematic process to identify risks faced by SMEs and risk mitigation techniques to manage the risks. The process can be replicated and applied to any SMEs businesses. This study contributes to enhance understanding on risk face by SMEs and risk management techniques use by business owners to mitigate the risks. The results can be use by policy makers and financial providers to develop their policies, directions, and guidelines to help SMEs to sustain and expand their businesses.

Risk management requires human judgements, from risk identification, assessment to response. Although automated tools are useful in handling large amounts of data and in performing complex calculations rapidly, humans undertake the entire risk management process. They bring to the process their intuitions, insights, previous experiences and skills. Therefore, creating a rich source of information of risks faced by an organisation. Ignoring human factors may impoverish information and limit risk management to only measurable factors. This study contributes to the field of decision-making and risk assessment by investigating and discussing in detail how to quantify subjective judgements using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). AHP is used to assess risk of an insurance company. It discusses how to do risk assessment by combining both intuition and analytic in the decision-making process. The study defines intuition as knowledge and experience, and analytic as the mathematics or quantitative analysis to derive the result. It demonstrates how Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) - a flexible multi-attribute or multi-criteria decision making tool, enables risk managers to use both intuition and analytic to do risk assessment. Risk assessment using AHP produces global priority weights representing the overall risk ranking of an insurance company. The study develops a risk assessment problem and uses AHP to organise and structure risks and sub-risks of the problem. It uses formative evaluation method with open-ended questionnaires to obtain feedbacks from risk managers on AHP. Three employees of a risk management department in a government agency assesses the risks using AHP. AHP strengths are easy to use and understand, improves risk assessment and useful for risk assessment problems that have scarce or no data. AHP limitation are the numbers and repetitiveness of the pairwise comparisons. The participants either ignore some of the pairwise questions or they answer randomly instead of deliberate judgements.