A rare wild-Serbian Ganoderma applanatum strain BGS6Ap (GASB) was morphologically identified based on its basidiocarp with brownish-red cap and woody stipe. Molecularly, GASB DNA was extracted, sequenced (651 bp) and subjected to phylogenetic analysis with evolutionary distance (Knuc). A plasmid Editor (ApE) software was used to verify the sequence and GASB was found to be 99% similarity to the commercial G. applanatum (GA) ATCC44053. The production of GASB's biomass and endopolysaccharide (ENS) in different temperature was screened at 20 °C, 25 °C and 30 °C via one-factor-at-a-time (OFAAT) scheme in a submerged liquid fermentation (SLF). Lower temperature was chosen due to GASB's natural habitat, which belongs to temperate continental climates with the influence of air currents from the Carpathians and the Mediterranean. Using the OFAAT data, the SLF was further optimised using response surface methodology (RSM) to generate biomass-ENS based on temperature (20°C–30 °C), agitation rate (100–200 rpm), glucose concentration (10 g/L–50 g/L) and initial pH (4–6). The highest production of biomass (17.51 g/L) and ENS (3.47 g/L) was generated using optimal conditions of 25 °C, 150 rpm, 10 g/L of glucose and pH 6. To study the structural composition, ENS confirmed spectral linkages in FTIR (2925 cm−1, 1623 cm−1, 1073 cm−1, 890 cm−1) and NMR (δ 4.30, 4.80, 5.20 ppm) as endo-β-D-glucan. This approach could serve as a blueprint for novel mycelial biomass and endo-β-D-glucan production of GASB which can be further studied on different temperate basidiomycetes.

Neptunia Oleracea is locally known as Pucuk Setangki (Water Mimosa) that belongs to the Fabaceae family which is a herbal plant that is believed originated from India, Southeastern Asia and Tropical Africa. It is commonly known for its benefits as first aid medicine and food ingredients. Usually, Water Mimosa is used in the traditional medicines of Malaysia. It is part of treatments for earaches and even syphilis. It is also used as food ingredients such as masak lemak cili api (cook chili fat). Nowadays, people tend to use modern medicine that they have forgotten about the traditional herbs that our ancestors used. Thus, the goal of this research is to analyze the functional group of Neptunia Oleracea extract. Specifically, the research will focus on the functional group that is in the pucuk setangki. It can also increase people's knowledge of pucuk setangki and encourage them to use it more often. In order to prove its efficacy, functional group analysis of Neptunia Oleracea leaf extract was performed using Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR). The spectrum and wavelength obtained can be used to identify the functional group and thus, the antimicrobial compound was discovered present in the plant. Based on this study, Neptunia Oleracea leaves do have antimicrobial compounds. Specifically, the research will focus on the functional group in the pucuk setangki. This research reminds people of the importance of pucuk setangki and its properties. This research is a contribution for other researchers to make other products based on this research and to help others to realize the benefits in pucuk setangki. The result will be shared throughout people so it can be use by people in the future.

During the monsoon season, a wild-termite mushroom Termitomyces heimii RFES 230662 (THR2) was successfully isolated from Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. The mushroom was morphologically labelled based on its stipe, pileus, and the budding mycelia from the termites nest. Genetic component of THR2 (300 bp) was sequenced and found to be 99% identical to Termitomyces sp. strain. The evolutionary distance (Knuc) of the isolate justified THR2 as T. heimii species. Two THR2 extracts were prepared from fruiting body (FB) and mycelial biomass (MB) for antimicrobial responses. THR2 was cultivated in a submerged-fermentation (SF) producing 8.55 g/L of MB, 0.80 g/L of endopolysaccharide (ENS) and 1.44 g/L of exopolysaccharide (EPS), respectively. For THR2-FB, two ENS extracts were obtained using hot (3.20 g/L) and cold-water (1.36 g/L) treatments. FTIR spectra analysis verified all polysaccharide as β-glucan when compared to laminarin standard. Those β-glucan possess antibacterial properties with highest response shown by ß-glucan-FB compared to ß-glucan-MB extracts. These findings serve as the blueprint for the production of β-glucan from a rare termite mushroom.