Optical tomography (OPT) is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. This system is based on the measurement of the final light attenuation or absorption of radiation after crossing the measured objects. The number of sensor views will affect the results of image reconstruction, where the high number of sensor views per projection will give a high image quality. This research presents an application of charge-coupled device linear sensor and laser diode in an OPT system. Experiments in detecting solid and transparent objects in crystal clear water were conducted. Two numbers of sensors views, 160 and 320 views are evaluated in this research in reconstructing the images. The image reconstruction algorithms used were filtered images of linear back projection algorithms. Analysis on comparing the simulation and experiments image results shows that, with 320 image views giving less area error than 160 views. This suggests that high image view resulted in the high resolution of image reconstruction.

The existence of foreign objects in crystal-clear water in beverage industries may cause major safety and health issues. The current observation of solid contamination such as X-ray and metal detector involves hazardous radiation. Some of the sensors applied intrusive and invasive techniques. This may cause the instability of the process flow. Therefore, this paper aims to develop a noninvasive and nonintrusive charge-coupled device optical tomography (CCD OPT) system to detect solid contamination in crystal-clear water. Investigations on three different opacity levels of objects, opaque, translucent, and transparent, are involved. The first experiment investigates the velocity and acceleration of the free-falling object. It is conducted to validate the accuracy of the system to detect the appearance of foreign object. The experiment result indicated that the system reached 82 accuracy. The second experiment reconstructs cross-sectional image of the process flow. The image reconstruction results are analyzed using the area error (AE) method. The image reconstruction AE range is between 0.0372 and 0.7269. The AE results show that the system has the capability to detect different opacity of objects which exist in crystal-clear water. Both experiments prove that the CCD OPT system is able to detect solid contamination in crystal-clear water.

Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Most of the available detectors systems are intrusive where sensors or probes need to be placed within the analyzed processes and this will create disturbances in the current processes. This research are conducted in order to analyze and proved the capability of laser with Charge Coupled Device in an optical tomography system for detecting air bubbles exist in crystal clear water. Experiments in detecting moving air bubbles are conducted. The images of captured data are reconstructed based on filtered image of Linear Back Projection with Hybrid algorithms. As a conclusion, this research have successfully developed an optical tomography system that capable to capture the image and measure the diameter and velocity of rising air bubbles in a non-flowing crystal clear water. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Tomography is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Combinations of Charge-Coupled Device and low intensity laser diode are used in this research. Experiments on air bubbles detecting in non-flowing crystal clear water are conducted. Cross-sectional image of two phase flow; air and liquid are captured using this optical hardware construction and the information on air diameter, shape and path are observed using LabVIEW programming.

An application of charge-coupled device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography (OPT) system is presented. The measurements are based on the final light intensity received by the sensor. The aim is to analyse and demonstrate the capability of laser with a CCD in an OPT system for detecting transparent objects in crystal clear water. The image reconstruction algorithms used were filtered images of linear back projection algorithms. These algorithms were programmed using LabVIEW programming software. Experiments in detecting transparent hollow straw were conducted. Based on the results, statistical analysis was performed to verify that the captured data were valid compared with the actual object data. The object's characteristics such as diameter also are observed. In conclusion, a non-intrusive and non-invasive OPT system that can detect transparent objects in crystal clear water is successfully developed.

Tomography is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive System, consisting of emitter with detectors. Most of the available detectors systems are intrusive where sensors or probes need to be placed within the analyzed processes and this Will create disturbances in the current processes. This research are conducted in order to analyze and proved the capability of laser with Charge Coupled Device in an optical tomography system for detecting difference type of opacity object exist in crystal clear water. Experiments in detecting static solid, transparent objects and moving air bubbles are conducted. The images of captured data are reconstructed based on filtered image of Linear Back Projection with Hybrid algorithms. As a conclusion, this research have successfully developed an optical tomography system that capable to capture the image of high to low opacity objects in a non-flowing crystal clear water. (C) 2016 Elsevier GmbH. All rights reserved.

Agarwood or its scientific name, Aquilaria is an expensive and precious non-timber forest product. The problems faced by the agarwood industry are the indiscriminate harvesting of agarwood and ineffective identification and inspection process of Aquilaria tree by agarwood prospectors and researchers. Hence, microwave tomography (MWT) is proposed to evaluate agarwood in order to encounter these problems. This technique operates in a safe, non-invasive and insensitive to environmental impacts. A simulation-based study had been performed in which 16 antennas microwave tomography system was modelled using the finite element analysis. In this study, six profiles were being tested and simulated at 1 GHz. An electric field was simulated based on transverse electric mode to be emitted into the modelled wood with agarwood. Besides, electric field at the receiving antennas was also simulated when the simulated incident field was emitted into the modelled wood. The readings of the electric field for both incidents and receiving antennas were recorded to find the difference of electric field which will be used for image reconstruction. The images for the six profiles were reconstructed using Linear Back Projection (LBP), Filtered Back Projection (FBP), Newton's One-Step Error Reconstruction (NOSER) and Tikhonov Regularization (TR) image reconstruction algorithms. The reconstructed images were then analysed using the Mean Structural Similarity (MSSIM) index. The phantom and reconstructed images were analysed qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings showed promising results as the proposed MWT was able to distinguish and identify agarwood in Aquilaria tree.

This research presents an application of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography system. Optical tomography is a non-invasive and non-intrusive method of capturing a cross-sectional image of multiphase flow. The measurements are based on the final light intensity received by the sensor and this approach is limited to detect solid objects only. The aim of this research is to analyse and demonstrate the capability of laser with a CCD in an optical tomography system for detecting objects with different clarity in crystal clear water. Experiments for detecting transparent objects were conducted. The object's diameter and image reconstruction can also be observed. As a conclusion, this research has successfully developed a non-intrusive and non-invasive optical tomography system that can detect objects in crystal clear water.

Tomography is a method that has been used for image reconstruction in the medical and engineering fields. Optical tomography is one of the various methods applied in tomography systems. This tomography method is widely used in the medical and processing industries fields because of its special characteristics, such as immunity to electrical noise and interference, high resolution and its hard field sensors. The basic principle of the optical tomography system in measuring an object is based on its wave and radiation source. This article is a review of the characteristics of light and its interaction with matter, the types of optical tomography system, the basic construction of an optical tomography system, types of optoelectronic sensors and image reconstruction.