Tomography is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Combinations of Charge-Coupled Device and low intensity laser diode are used in this research. Experiments on air bubbles detecting in non-flowing crystal clear water are conducted. Cross-sectional image of two phase flow; air and liquid are captured using this optical hardware construction and the information on air diameter, shape and path are observed using LabVIEW programming. � 2017 UTHM Publisher. All right reserved.

An application of charge-coupled device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography (OPT) system is presented. The measurements are based on the final light intensity received by the sensor. The aim is to analyse and demonstrate the capability of laser with a CCD in an OPT system for detecting transparent objects in crystal clear water. The image reconstruction algorithms used were filtered images of linear back projection algorithms. These algorithms were programmed using LabVIEW programming software. Experiments in detecting transparent hollow straw were conducted. Based on the results, statistical analysis was performed to verify that the captured data were valid compared with the actual object data. The object's characteristics such as diameter also are observed. In conclusion, a non-intrusive and non-invasive OPT system that can detect transparent objects in crystal clear water is successfully developed. � The Institution of Engineering and Technology 2017.

Tomography is a method to capture a cross-sectional image based on the data obtained by sensors, distributed around the periphery of the analyzed system. Optical tomography is one of the tomography methods which are non-invasive and non-intrusive system, consisting of emitter with detectors. Most of the available detectors systems are intrusive where sensors or probes need to be placed within the analyzed processes and this will create disturbances in the current processes. This research are conducted in order to analyze and proved the capability of laser with Charge Coupled Device in an optical tomography system for detecting difference type of opacity object exist in crystal clear water. Experiments in detecting static solid, transparent objects and moving air bubbles are conducted. The images of captured data are reconstructed based on filtered image of Linear Back Projection with Hybrid algorithms. As a conclusion, this research have successfully developed an optical tomography system that capable to capture the image of high to low opacity objects in a non-flowing crystal clear water. � 2016 Elsevier GmbH

This paper explains the front-end design for noninvasive electrical resistance tomography. The electrical resistance tomography system presented in this paper uses high-frequency potential. In this design, the phase-shift demodulation (PSD) approach was eliminated and replaced by a peak detector circuit. The switching between transmitter/receiver and the transmitting channel was controlled by an analogue switch, MAX319 and demultiplexer, DG406, respectively. A microcontroller was applied to the data acquisition which eliminates the needs of a data acquisition system. Sensor readings of each receiver from each transmitter groups were tested experimentally, compared and analysed with simulation results. These experimental readings were compared with the sensors reading simulated from COMSOL Multiphysics software. As a result, the current values between 0-1mA from experiments was similar with the simulation results for all groups of transmitters. Thus, it can be concluded that the front-end design can be applied for the non-invasive ERT when high frequency is considered. � 2018 Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. All rights reserved.

This research presents an application of Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) linear sensor and laser diode in an optical tomography system. Optical tomography is a non-invasive and non-intrusive method of capturing a cross-sectional image of multiphase flow. The measurements are based on the final light intensity received by the sensor and this approach is limited to detect solid objects only. The aim of this research is to analyse and demonstrate the capability of laser with a CCD in an optical tomography system for detecting objects with different clarity in crystal clear water. Experiments for detecting transparent objects were conducted. The object's diameter and image reconstruction can also be observed. As a conclusion, this research has successfully developed a non-intrusive and non-invasive optical tomography system that can detect objects in crystal clear water. � Penerbit UTHM.

Tomography is a method that has been used for image reconstruction in the medical and engineering fields. Optical tomography is one of the various methods applied in tomography systems. This tomography method is widely used in the medical and processing industries fields because of its special characteristics, such as immunity to electrical noise and interference, high resolution and its hard field sensors. The basic principle of the optical tomography system in measuring an object is based on its wave and radiation source. This article is a review of the characteristics of light and its interaction with matter, the types of optical tomography system, the basic construction of an optical tomography system, types of optoelectronic sensors and image reconstruction. � 2014 Penerbit UTM Press. All rights reserved.

Crude Oil Mixture has been a concern research area for many researchers and organization. Because of the importance of oil and its component, in order to separate and measure its components, which considered as black gold for 20th century till now. Non-invasive ultrasonic tomography has been applied to investigate and differentiate the verity of crude oil components have some limitations in terms of the wave penetration through the pipes and reflection of signals. Thus, the approach that has been proposed in this project is by using invasive ultrasonic tomography method to visualize the structure distribution and deliver some information such as mixture concentration and mass of flow components of different materials. Ultrasonic wave propagation with various frequencies of the transmission signal has been implemented in software platform (FEM), to evaluate the design and investigate the result. Therefore, the main consideration in designing of an ultrasonic system is the efficiency of the ultrasonic sensor and the frequency of propagated signals. The contribution in this project is developing a three-phase measurement for a mixture using invasive Ultrasonic technique to improve the accuracy of the system and implement Linear Back Projection Algorithm (LBPA). The conclusion of this paper has shown the capability of ultrasonic transducers of visualizing the internal distribution of multi-phase mixture. � 2018 Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. All rights reserved.

Brain tumour result by abnormal growth and division of cell inside the skull show high potential to become malignancies and lead to brain damage or even death. Early detection is crucial for further treatment to increase the survival rate of patients who have brain cancer. Existing clinical imaging possess limitation as they are costly, time-consuming and some of them depend on ionising radiation. The microwave imaging has emerged as the new preliminary diagnosis method as it is portable, non-ionising, low cost, and able to produce a good spatial resolution. This paper will be discussing the microwave head based sensing and imaging techniques for brain tumour diagnosis. The 2D FEM approach is applied to solve the forward problem, and the image is reconstructed by implementing linear back projection. Eight rectangular sensing electrodes are arranged in an elliptical array around the head phantom. When one electrode is transmitting the microwave, the remaining of the electrode served as the receiver. The different tumour position is simulated to test the reliability of the system. Lastly, the system is able to detect the tumour, and 1 GHz is chosen as the best frequency based on the simulation and image reconstructed. � 2018 Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. All rights reserved.

This study is conducted to investigate inhomogeneous in Electrical Resistance Tomography system using COMSOL Multiphysics finite element software. An inhomogeneous system is represented with the concrete-steel medium. Three type of cases which are varies the dimension of steel, varies a number of steel phantom in concrete, and different location of steel in concrete are the subject in this study. Each case uses results from adjacent and opposite current driven method for comparison. As a result, extension in steel dimension could benefit the ERT system to obtain a good measurement. Also, as a number of steel placed in concrete medium increases, the potential difference will drop when compared with homogenous. It is demonstrated that as a phantom is placed close to the source or measuring electrode area, it could show changes in potential difference reading. In conjunction with that, that area indirectly becomes more sensitive and feedback. � 2018 Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka. All rights reserved.