Postdoctoral researchers utilise their time in training to broaden their research interests, learn new ideas and practices, such as grant application and laboratory administration, develop their higher-order thinking and communication skills, and get familiar with new scientific methodologies and concepts. Anatomy postdoctoral trainees working in laboratory research benefit greatly from biological sciences. During the COVID-19 pandemic, postdoctoral researchers face several challenges, including restricted hands-on laboratory work, limited lab supplies and equipment, less labour work as peoples become more isolated, and reduced supervision of their postgraduate students. Hence, in this commentary, we discussed the challenges and solutions during the anatomy laboratory postdoctoral fellowship amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in Europe, with regard to our own experience. Academic and research institutions, financial institutions, learning and professional associations, and employers must all work together to define the future, regardless of the situation.

Identification of skeletal human remains as the biggest challenge in forensic anthropology. Human stature estimation is an important biological profile component during forensic anthropological investigation. This systematic review summarised the application of anthropometric measurements on human vertebral column for stature prediction in different population. An extensive literature search was done in PubMed, Science Direct and Google Scholar from 2009 to 2019. The inclusive criteria include English studies that used anthropometry method on human vertebral columns for prediction of stature during identification skeletal remains. During the literature search, 38 related articles were found, whereby 13 had met the inclusion criteria. Most study showed a positive correlation of various anthropometric measurements on human vertebra column for stature estimation in different populations. This evidence-based review revealed the usefulness of anthropometric measurements using human vertebra column as an alternative method other than long bones for identification of human remains among different populations. Further studies are needed to determine the best reliable methods for stature estimation among various anthropometric measurements with a more advanced meta-analysis of the results on human vertebra column. � 2020 Elsevier Ltd

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) such as angina, hypertension, myocardial ischemia, and heart failure are the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. One of the major transcription factors widely associated with CVDs is nuclear factor-kappa B (NF kappa B). NF kappa B activation initiates the canonical and non-conical pathways that promotes activation of transcription factors leading to inflammation, such as leukocyte adhesion molecules, cytokines, and chemokines. Flavonoids are bioactive polyphenolic compounds found abundantly in various fruits, vegetables, beverages (tea, coffee), nuts, and cereal products with cardiovascular protective properties. Flavonoids can be classified into six subgroups based on their chemical structures: flavanones, flavones, flavonols, flavan-3-ols, isoflavones, and anthocyanidins. As NF kappa B inhibitors, these flavonoids may modulate the expression of pro-inflammatory genes leading to the attenuation of the inflammatory responses underlying various cardiovascular pathology. This review presents an update on the anti-inflammatory actions of flavonoids via inhibition of NF kappa B mechanism supporting the therapeutic potential of these natural compounds in various CVDs.

Anatomy has been taught predominantly in the preclinical years. However, little guidance exists for medical educators in designing appropriate assessments of anatomy knowledge. In general, medical schools implement and determine their own curricula and methods of assessment. The purpose of this scoping review is to examine the breadth of literature regarding the utility of anatomy assessments, which will be reported whether they have been investigated in terms of validity, reliability, practicality, feasibility, cost-effectiveness, and educational impact in the included resources. This scoping review will be conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) scoping review guideline, and its protocol is outlined to systematically map the utility of anatomy assessments in preclinical undergraduate medical curricula over the past 20 years. Primary data will be searched from relevant studies, review articles, and grey literature sources between 2002 and 2023. The resource searching will be performed using the three-step search strategy, namely review search, study selection, and evidence charting, which will involve four electronic databases and two independent reviewers. As secondary research, this review does not require ethical approval. The review will not only permit better comparisons of anatomy assessment and foster meaningful evaluation of both medical students and teaching establishments to take place in the anticipation of ensuring the constructive alignment in anatomy education but also produce important information on the quality of anatomy assessment in the context of the undergraduate medical curriculum. The findings will be disseminated through journals and conferences targeting anatomy educators worldwide.