Due to the issues of species substitution and product mislabelling of beche-de-mer worldwide, this study aimed to identify the species of seven gamat-based beche-de-mer specimens from Kuah, Langkawi Island, Kedah, Malaysia based on ossicle shapes and non-protein-coding 12S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences. In general, ossicles were well extracted from the specimens. At least eight ossicle shapes were observed i.e. large I-shaped rod, perforated plate, table, C-shaped rod, button, rosette, I-shaped rod and X-shaped rod. Except for button, I-shaped rod and X-shaped rod, the other five ossicle shapes are common in Stichopus horrens. However, the species status could not be resolved at this level due to the presence of uncommon ossicle shapes and the physical features of the specimens could not be used as supporting data as they were different from the live or unprocessed sea cucumber. In this study, 12S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences were analysed using the Basic Local Alignment Search Tool programme for Nucleotides (blastn), resulting in the species identification of the beche-de-mer specimens as S. horrens, known locally as gamat emas (golden sea cucumber) with 96-99% similarity (an average of 98%). The phylogenetic trees based on the Neighbour-Joining method, Maximum Parsimony method and Maximum Likelihood method indicated that all 12S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences of the beche-de-mer specimens clustered with the reference samples of S. horrens from Pangkor Laut, Pangkor Island, Perak, Malaysia, supporting the BLASTN results and confirming their species status as S. horrens. Furthermore, 10 partial 12S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences of the reference samples and the beche-de-mer specimens of S. horrens were registered with the GenBank (Accession No.: KX879628-KX879637). Overall, the findings suggested that the species identification of the beche-de-mer specimens using 12S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequence gave better inference than ossicle-shape identification. The outcomes of this study benefit enforcement agencies in their work of monitoring and overcoming the issues of species substitution and product mislabelling of beche-de-mer or commercial dried sea cucumber in Malaysian markets as well as in global markets. � Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.

This study aimed to resolve the taxonomic status of a morphologically undetermined sea cucumber species of order Apodida from Malaysia (GenBank accession no.: FJ223867) using partial 16S mitochondrial rRNA gene sequences and subsequently to determine the validity of morphological taxonomy of Holothuria species into its current subgenera. The undetermined species clustered with all taxa of Holothuria in previous study. Phylogenetic analyses using maximum parsimony and Bayesian methods suggest that the undetermined species was genetically closer to Holothuria (Lessonothuria) pardalis and Holothuria (Acanthotrapeza) coluber; and its position in both phylogenetic trees further suggests its status as a Holothuria taxon. Subgenera of Holothuria, Merthensiothuria and Metriatyla are monophyletic with strong bootstrap supports and posterior probabilities of clades, thus strengthening their morphological taxonomies. Nonetheless, the non-monophyly of subgenera of Halodeima, Microthele and Platyperona suggests a requirement for their taxonomic revisions using integrative taxonomy. The status of Holothuria (Halodeima) edulis subgroups in the maximum parsimony and Bayesian trees is indistinct and further taxonomic revisions are necessary. In terms of sister relationship, both phylogenetic trees suggest that subgenus Holothuria is a sister taxon of subgenus Roweothuria while the other sister relationships were unclear due to the undetermined species, paraphyly and polyphyly of a number of subgenera. Further studies with more specimens of genus Holothuria from broader geographical locations and various mtDNA genes along with morphological approaches may facilitate to provide better insights into the molecular phylogeny of subgenera of Holothuria.