Purpose: Intestinal fibrosis is a common complication of inflammatory bowel diseases. However, the possible involvement of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) has been scarcely investigated. This systematic review aims to search through research papers that are focusing on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression profile in EMT in fistula or in intestinal fibrosis. Methods: Electronic exploration was performed until April 24, 2019 through PubMed, Ovid, Science Direct, and Scopus databases with the terms of “fistula” OR “intestinal fibrosis” AND “epithelial-mesenchymal transition”. Two independent reviewers scrutinized the suitability of the title and abstract before examining the full text that met the inclusion criteria. For each study, the sample types that were used, methods for analysis, and genes expressed were identified. The list of genes was further analyzed using DAVID (Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery) and KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) pathway. Results: There were 896 citations found; however, only 3 studies fulfilled the requirements. Among the EMT-related genes, 5 were upregulated genes at mRNA level while 6 were at protein level. However, only 2 downregulated genes were found at each mRNA and protein level. Of the 4 inflammation-related genes found, 3 genes were upregulated at mRNA level and 1 at protein level. These genes were confirmed to be involved in the development of inflammatory induced fibrosis and fistula through EMT. Results from quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis were consistent with the process of EMT, confirmed by the western blot protein analysis. Conclusion: Many significant genes which are involved in the process of EMT in fistula and intestinal fibrosis have been identified. With high-end technology many more genes could be identified. These genes will be good molecular targets in the development of biomarkers for precision drug targeting in the future treatment of intestinal fibrosis and fistula.

Islamic law granted the biological father the right to recognize his illegitimate child, who was not born within marriage, and he has the right to include him in his lineage and inheritance. However, Malaysian Family Law prohibits the illegitimate child from being attached to his biological father, even if he acknowledged him. Here lies the problem of the research, as this prohibition resulted in the lack of recognition of their lineage and the forfeiture of their right to inherit from his father and his family as well. Aims and Objectives: This study aimed to define the illegitimate child of adultery from the Sharia and law. This demonstrates the practice of Maqasid Shari’a in preserving the progeny and the benefit of Sharia by incorporating this category of society. Consequently, reducing the spread of adultery, by prosecuting the perpetrators through genetic fingerprint analysis. Methodology: This study has taken the inductive approach by following the opinions and evidence of the jurists regarding the inheritance and lineage of the illegitimate child, and the cause of the dispute between them It also relied on the analytical approach by discussing the opinions and evidence of jurists and analyzing these rulings from the legal and Malaysian family law perspectives. Results and Findings: The important results of this study concluded that the biological father has the right to inherit his illegitimate son in his lineage according to the conditions set by Islamic law, and he inherits from him and his father's family as well. The society general interest requires us to compel the biological father to recognize his son if the mother testifies to the paternity of her son from him and the genetic fingerprint confirmed her claim. Thus, preserving his full right to lineage, alimony, and inheritance, and integrating as a legitimate child into the society.