This paper presents an approach for tackling multiple metrics and various network parameters simultaneously to investigate the performance of wireless ad-hoc network routing protocols. The study uses Taguchi's loss function to determine the best condition in yielding maximum throughput and minimum packet drop and routing overhead simultaneously for dynamic source routing (DSR) protocol. Studying the parameters one at a time or by trial and error until a first feasible design is found seems to be a common approach to design optimization. In this paper, the impact of ad-hoc network parameters such as terrain, network size, number of sources, packet transmitted rates, node speed and pause time on a multiple signal to noise ratio are investigated simultaneously. We present results based on simulation study according to Taguchi experimental design technique. Optimum levels of ad-hoc network parameters are suggested by using response table and response graph while contribution of significant parameter are estimated using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results show that the terrain size, number of sources, transmission packet rates and nodes speed are the significant parameters affecting DSR performance in wireless ad-hoc networks. � 2011 IEEE.

The aim of this study was to develop a continuous professional development training module based on multicultural counselling competency for professional counsellors in Malaysia. The research methodology comprised three phases: (i) training need assessment using survey method, (ii) module design and development and (iii) module evaluation using an experimental design. First, the Multicultural Counselling Competency Survey-Malaysian Counsellor Edition questionnaire was used to collect data from 116 professional counsellors from various work settings. The results clearly indicated the need for continuous professional development training to enhance counsellors’ multicultural counselling competency. The development of the training module adopted Sidek’s model, a Malaysian-based framework for module development. The developed training module was then evaluated for its effectiveness through analysing its content validity and reliability. Results revealed that the training module scored high content validity value of 77.2% (0.77) and satisfactory reliability level (alpha Cronbach’s coefficient value of 0.75). The overall findings of the present research imply that the continuous professional development training module is necessary for enhancing multicultural counselling competency of Malaysian professional counsellors. © The Author(s) 2019.

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The Shariah Governance Framework (SGF) is a set of organizational arrangements through which Islamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) ensure effective oversight, responsibility and accountability of the board of directors, management and Shariah Committee. In measuring the IFIs compliance to the Shariah, SGF requires regular internal Shariah reviews and Shariah audit. This paper aims to identify the independence and competency quality that requires for human capital development in Shariah audit. This research adapts focus group study conducted with the stakeholders of IFIs which consist of regulators, IFIs management, employees and shareholders. The results from this study indicate that Shariah auditors must possess Shariah and accounting knowledge. However, if the Shariah auditors do not have the necessary qualifications, their experiences in the Islamic banking could be considered. In terms of independence, the Shariah audit function shall currently attach to the internal audit department. The findings of the study could be used in developing syllabus and training modules for Shariah audit that reflects the Shariah requirements and also the industry's needs. Future research could be done by expanding the sample of the study that covers wider group of informants to achieve variety of feedbacks from the Shariah audit experts.

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Recent issuance of Shariah Governance Framework by Bank Negara Malaysia has shown a significant impact towards the establishment of the Shariah audit and consequently, towards the role of the Shariah Committee. It is the aim of this paper to study on the impact of the Shariah audit function towards the role of Shariah Committee with regards to the post implementation of the Shariah Governance Framework. The study adopts a single case study research. Findings from invdepth interviews reveal that the Shariah audit function has an added value in ensuring the compliance towards the Shariah principles. This study also provides challenging issues faced by the Shariah Committee of the selected establishment. Hence, it is believed that this study can be benefited by other IFIs in improving their Shariah Committees structure. Future studies could be done to examine post implementation effect of the adoption of Shariah governance framework in the context of other functions such as Shariah research, Shariah risk management and Board of Directors. � IDOSI Publications, 2013.

Shariah audit is important as the third line of defence in ensuring the operations ofIslamic Financial Institutions (IFIs) are in line with Shariah principles. The operationsrefer not only to day to day operations, process and procedures and management recordsbut also the financial statements of the IFIs. Shariah audit gives an indication to themarket that the IFIs are complying with the Shariah guidelines. This is especiallyimportant as the market is keener on knowing and seeing that IFIs perform its bidding.The resurgence of Islamic finance over the past 30 years plus the sub-prime crisis hascaused greater emphasis for the IFIs to be ever more Shariah-compliant. The purpose ofthis chapter is to provide an overview on the importance of Shariah audit as one of thelines of defence in terms of internal control for IFIs. Secondly, the chapter also providessuggested auditable areas for the audit scope of Shariah audit in the financial statementsof IFIs. Accordingly, the chapter provides guidance for future empirical and policyimpact research on audit scope for Shariah audit in financial statements of IFIs. � 2014 Nova Science Publishers, Inc.

In this study, Taguchi method was used to identify the several factors that may affect the performance of Destination Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV) routing protocol. The performance of DSDV routing protocol in mobile ad hoc networks were greatly influence by factors such as node speed, node pause time and traffic load. Problem statement: By using orthogonal experimental design and analysis techniques, the protocol performance can be analyzed with more objective conclusion through only a small number of simulation experiments. Approach: The performance was measured with respect to packet delivery ratio. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out to identify the significant factors affecting the response and the best possible factor level combination was determined through analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio. Results: It was found that the traffic load has a stronger influence on the packet delivery ratio, followed by the pause time. Conclusions/Recommendations: The optimal setting of the best performance is determined. The optimal setting has resulted in increased packet delivered. These findings demonstrate that Taguchi method may be valuable tool for the investigation of main effect or interactions of multiple factors in the performance of mobile ad hoc network routing protocols. � 2008 Science Publications.