The detection of blood thrombin enzyme presented in eight samples of surimi based products was investigated by using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method. Specific primers for chicken (Gallus gallus), cow (Bos taurus) and pig (Sus sucrofa) blood thrombin enzyme were designed for positive detection. Two primers for chicken blood which are Gal2 and Gal3 showed 98% and 99% in significant identity of G.gallus coagulation factor II (thrombin) while two primers from cow which are Bos4 and Bos6 showed 100% significant identity of B. Taurus coagulation factor II (thrombin). On the contrary, there were no positive results on pig primers with S. sucrofa coagulation factor II (thrombin). PCR amplification with Gal2 and Bos4 primers in surimi based products showed several positive results while Sus5 primer showed none. Further research should be done to verify the consistency of this result and redesign a specific primer for pig's blood thrombin enzymes is vital in order to guarantee the quality of food products to comply with Halal food guidelines and regulations. � IDOSI Publications, 2012.

Plantago major L. leaves have been used as a wound healing remedy for centuries in the treatment of a number of diseases. The objective of this study is to analyse the chemical composition in the leaf extract of P. major. The chemical composition of various extract (petroleum ether, methanol, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) from leaf of Plantago major have been examined by Triple Quadrupole GC-MS. Results have showed the main constituents in petroleum ether extract were phytol 13.22%, benzofuranone 10.48%, penthynediol 10.26% and benzene propanoic acid 10.18%; methanol extract were group of diglycerol 30.31% and glycol 18.91%; ethyl acetate extract were glycerine 30.70%, benzene 21.81% and dibuthyl phthalate 16.22%; n-butanol were phtalic acid 24.62%, benzene propanoic acid 16.83% and group of phenol 10.20%; and aqueous extract were phenol 27.47%, diathiapentene 14.53%, napthalenone 14.13% and glycerine 12.02%. Chemical composition identified in all five extracts has showed that all of them have phenol's group in their extract while having different variation of organic acid groups, flavonoids and terpenoids. These data would be constructive for future ethno-pharmacological studies in P.major. � IDOSI Publications, 2012.

West Indian Lemongrass, Cymbopogon citratus, is hardly seen to flower which contributes the major obstacle for hybridization. Induced mutation with gamma irradiation has been suggested as the solution to this problem. The objective of this study is to analyse the effect of gamma irradiation dosage on the survival rate of lemongrass prior to mutation. Vegetative stalks of lemongrass were exposed to different doses of gamma rays at doses of 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120 Gy. Results showed that the practical ranges for induced mutation were 40, 60 and 80 Gy with mutation rates were 25.8%, 36.4% and 69.2% respectively. Dose 80 Gy was identified as the dose for LD 50. Irradiation caused plants to produce long above ground stem 50 (not stalk) with obvious appearance of nodes and internodes together with unique production of flowers. This phenomenon has created an astonishing opportunity for future studies in this flower of West Indian Lemongrass mutant as another potential source of Halal traditional medicine. � IDOSI Publications, 2012.