Browsing by Author "Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari"
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Publication Applications of Ionic Liquids for the Biochemical Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass into Biofuels and Biochemicals : A Critical Review(Elsevier, 2023) ;Nazife Isik Haykir ;Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari ;Sharareh Harirchi ;Taner Sar ;Mukesh Kumar AwasthiMohammad J. TaherzadehLignocellulosic materials are valuable resources in today's bioprocess technologies; however, their recalcitrance is a major barrier in industry regarding their conversion to microbial products. For this purpose, in this study, the synthesis of ionic liquids (ILs), its function in the hydrolysis of lignocellulosic materials, its biochemistry and possible toxic effects were investigated. In addition, the bioconversion of lignocellulosic materials pretreated with ionic liquids to biofuels (bioethanol, biobutanol, biogas and hydrogen) and various biochemicals is discussed in detail. For this, the focus is on the potential of ILs for industrial integration and use in large-scale reactors. ILs offer significant advantages due to their potential for ease of use and their features such as recovery and reuse after pretreatment. However, there are economic and technical problems that need to be solved to expand ILs in industrial systems and increase their use potential. To overcome these problems and the usability of ILs technologies in industry, techno-economic analyses has been examined and compared with traditional processes. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Direct Catalytic Conversion Of Cellulose Into Formic Acid By Supported Phosphotungstic Acid Catalyst(Malaysian Analytical Sciences Society (ANALIS), 2022) ;Nor Liyana Zakira Zabidi Adil @ Zaibidai Adil ;Farah Wahida Harun ;Syaza Azhari ;Lailatun Nazirah Ozair ;Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan Shikh ZahariTengku Shafazila Tengku SaharuddinThis study aims to prepare phosphotungstic acid supported on hydrotalcite (PTA-HT) for one-pot hydrothermal cellulose conversion into formic acid (FA). In this study, different percentages of PTA on HT (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 33%) were prepared and the catalytic activity was observed for two different parameters such as time (1 to 5 hours) and reaction temperature (160 to 240 °C). The prepared catalysts were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDX), while the production of FA was determined using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). To avoid bias, raw PTA and calcined HT were compared with varying percentages of supported PTA. PTA-HT was successfully prepared through the impregnation method as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, BET and FESEM-EDX. According to the results, the optimum condition for cellulose conversion into formic acid was when 25% PTA-HT was applied at 220 °C for 4 hours, with a 30% cellulose conversion and 18 % FA yield. Due to the acidity and redox properties of PTA, it has been demonstrated that PTA-HT increased the catalytic activity by two-fold when compared to calcined HT alone (8%). The significance of this finding opens new suggestion of bifunctional catalyst in cellulose conversion into FA. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Publication Influence Of Neck Slaughtering In Broiler Chicken Meat On Physicochemical Analysis And Metabolites 'fingerprinting' To Enhance Meat Quality(Elsevier, 2021) ;Shikh Mohd Shahrul Nizan Shikh Zahari ;Nurfatin SyahirahMohamed Ali ;Atiqah Ruqayyah Zabidi ;Dzulfadli Rosli ;Mohd Nazmi Abdul ManapNazariyah YahayaAnimal slaughtering is the most vital step in the preparation of chicken meat. The step ensures the meat is safe for human consumption since the procedure of animal slaughtering can affect the meat quality. In this study, we compare the quality of chicken meats obtained via two common slaughtering procedures: neck slaughtering (NS) and neck pocking (NP). The meat quality was assessed based on physicochemical analyses (ultimate pH, colour, heme iron content, drip and thaw loss measurements and TBARS value) and metabolite profiling (FTIR, GC–MS and UHPLC with PCA and PLS-DA). The study found that, relative to the NP-, the NS-chicken meat had slightly acidic pH, and much lower values of the following parameters: L* (lightness) (P = 0.023), heme iron content (P < 0) and TBARS (P < 0.01). Comparing FTIR spectra, the metabolite fingerprints of both meats looked slightly different. This was confirmed to be due to a set of differential metabolites present in the NS and the NP-chicken meats, as recorded by GC–MS and UHPLC-TOF-MS data after analyzing with PCA and PLS-DA. Compared to the NP, the NS-chicken meat was rich in metabolites with health benefits, including n-3-polyunstaurated fatty acids (PUFA), triglyceride (TG), cytadine and uridine. In addition, the NS-chicken meat also contained much lower concentrations of free amino acids. This is desirable as free amino acid-deficiency is able to suppress the production of biogenic compounds, a group of chemicals that produce toxicological effects on human heath when taken excessively.