A motor imagery (MI)-based brain-computer interface (BCI) has performed successfully as a control mechanism with multiple electroencephalogram (EEG) channels. For practicality, fewer EEG channels are preferable. This paper investigates a single-channel EEG signal for MI. However, there are insufficient features that can be extracted due to a single-channel EEG signal being used in one region of the brain. An effective feature extraction technique plays a critical role in overcoming this limitation. Therefore, this study proposes a fusion of discrete wavelet transform (DWT)-based and time-domain feature extraction to provide more relevant information for classification. The highest accuracy obtained on the BCI Competition III (IVa) dataset is 87.5% with logistic regression (LR) while the OpenBMI dataset attained the highest accuracy of 93% with support vector machine (SVM) as the classifier. Addressing the potential of enhancing the performance of a single EEG channel located on the forehead, the achieved result is relatively promising.

Background: Impairment in cognitive function is a recognized outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the degree of impairment has variable relationship with TBI severity and time post injury. The underlying pathology is often due to diffuse axonal injury that has been found even in mild TBI. In this study, we examine the state of white matter putative connectivity in patients with non-severe TBI in the subacute phase, i.e., within 10 weeks of injury and determine its relationship with neuropsychological scores. Methods: We conducted a case-control prospective study involving 11 male adult patients with non-severe TBI and an age-matched control group of 11 adult male volunteers. Diffusion MRI scanning and neuropsychological tests were administered within 10 weeks post injury. The difference in fractional anisotropy (FA) values between the patient and control groups was examined using tract-based spatial statistics. The FA values that were significantly different between patients and controls were then correlated with neuropsychological tests in the patient group. Results: Several clusters with peak voxels of significant FA reductions (p < 0.05) in the white matter skeleton were seen in patients compared to the control group. These clusters were located in the superior fronto-occipital fasciculus, superior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus, and cingulum, as well as white matter fibers in the area of genu of corpus callosum, anterior corona radiata, superior corona radiata, anterior thalamic radiation and part of inferior frontal gyrus. Mean global FA magnitude correlated significantly with MAVLT immediate recall scores while matrix reasoning scores correlated positively with FA values in the area of right superior fronto-occipital fasciculus and left anterior corona radiata. Conclusion: The non-severe TBI patients had abnormally reduced FA values in multiple regions compared to controls that correlated with several measures of executive function during the sub-acute phase of TBI.

Solar panel often facing problem that reduce the energy produced especially when dust and soil covers the surface of the solar panel, thus blocking the light. Not only that, reflection that occured reducing the transmittance of light. Thus, to overcome these problems, multilayer coating of SiO2:ZnO:SiO2 has been fabricated using sol-gel method, via dipping process and utilised glass sheet as a core. In this study, the SiO2:ZnO:SiO2 coating was compared to the SiO2:ZnO coating in terms of their transmittance, absorption and hydrophobicity properties. The water contact angle was used to evaluate the hydrophobic properties, while the Ultraviolet-Visible Spectrometer was used to measure the transmittance and absorption. The triple layer coating initiated 90.2% on its average transmittance while the double layer coating had only 61.48%. The absorption peak revealed that SiO2:ZnO coating had 0.86 A while SiO2:ZnO:SiO2 coating was only 0.33 A. On the other hand, the water contact angle for both coatings were good. However, the SiO2:ZnO:SiO2 coating showed a higher water contact angle, 126° compared to the SiO2:ZnO coating, 82°. The higher contact angle the lesser the surface energy thus it allows the water droplet to maintain its shape longer. The result indicated that the multilayer coating of SiO2:ZnO:SiO2 was successfully fabricated with better properties than conventional coating.

Pain is modulated by various factors, the most notable of which is emotions. Since love is an emotion, it can also modulate pain. The answer to the question of whether it enhances or reduces pain needs to be determined. A review was conducted of animal and human studies in which this enigmatic emotion and its interaction with pain was explored. Recent advances in neuroimaging have revealed similarities in brain activation relating to love and pain. At the simplest level, this interaction can be explained by the overlapping network structure in brain functional connectivity, although the explanation is considerably more complex. The effect of love can either result in increased or decreased pain perception. An explanation of the interaction between pain and love relates to the functional connectivity of the brain and to the psychological construct of the individual, as well as to his or her ability to engage resources relating to emotion regulation. In turn, this determines how a person relates to love and reacts to pain.