Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) get recognized due to ability in converting solar energy into electricity by using organic and inorganic materials. Also, society's demand on the sustainable green environment makes DSSC as the best candidates for developing solar devices that flexible, low cost in production and environmental friendly. This research extracts natural sensitizers from avocado peel, blueberry and pomegranate that immersed in the ethanol. It will use in the fabrication of DSSC as a photons absorbent. Apart from that, the dyes are undergoing the characterization analysis using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) to observe the optical properties. As a result, the graph from FTIR shows the pattern of absorbance of dyes. Whereas, UV-Vis graph provides maximum absorption peak as well as energy band gap information which are for avocado peel is 665 nm with 1.87 eV, blueberry is 540 nm with 2.30 eV and pomegranate has wavelength of 530 nm with 2.34 eV. In addition, the efficiency of natural sensitizers for avocado peel, blueberry and pomegranate are collect which are 48.25x10(-12)%, 24.62x10(-12)% and 15.75x10(-12)% respectively.

A good thermoelectric material is known to have a high value of dimensionless figure-of-merit (ZT). Determination of ZT has been proposed in many ways either using analytical or experimental approach where ZT measure experimentally can be obtained directly or indirectly. Although measuring ZT directly will give quick and reliable results, the measurement has lack in accuracy compared to indirect measurement technique. By having many research on improving the thermoelectric materials performance, quick, easy and reliable technique to determine its performance is one of the of the important factors. Not many techniques can give direct ZT value especially at high temperature difference for thermoelectric generators application. Generally ZT is measured under small temperature difference in each of homogeneous single leg thus does not suitable for segmented leg which is useful in higher operation of temperature range. This review paper focused on research had been done relating to the technique available to measure ZT at macroscale level. It is reveals the possibilities of ZT measurement at large temperature difference and under operational condition. This is important as progress in materials requires easy and reliable method to determine performance at real condition of thermoelectric operation.

The growth of Sn:ZnO nanowires on a silicon substrate using a low thermal evaporation method is reported. A horizontal quartz tube with controlled supply of O-2 gas were used to fabricate the samples where Zn and Sn metal powders were previously mixed and heated at 500 degrees C. This allows the reactant vapours to deposit onto the substrate, which placed at a certain distance from the source materials. The samples were characterized using FESEM, EDX and HRTEM measurements. Randomly oriented nanowires were formed with varying dopant concentrations from 3 to 15 at%. It was observed that from FESEM images, when the dopant concentrations were increased, a hexagonal rod with a wire extended at its end was clearly formed and the best images of nanowires were shown at the highest concentration of 15 at% measuring between 26 to 35 nm and roughly 500 nm in diameter and length respectively. The doping process played an important role in order to alter the morphological properties of Sn: ZnO nanowires. Sn: ZnO nanowires have large potential in many applications such as in selected sensor technology including gaseous sensors, liquid sensors and others.