In this study, five samples of natural soils, two commercial soils and one commercial clay soil were evaluated pertaining to their antibacterial activity during sertu process. The antibacterial activity of all samples was obtained using total plate count method. Clay soil (S1) showed to be the best among those natural and commercial soils. S1 contain high in copper (Cu) ion compared to the other soil samples which helps in antibacterial activity as Cu ion has the ability to damage directly the bacterial proteins. Cu ion is well known due to its antibacterial strength since it can change the bacterial membranes permeability, forming highly damaging hydroxyls radicals and damage the bacterial cells through interference with DNA. Commercial clay soap (S8) showed the best antibacterial activity among the samples with no bacterial growth on Plate Count Agar (PCA) from beginning of washing. It is best to start sertu process with soil water followed by another 6 times of washing with air mutlak. Hence, the sertu process can be done either using soil or clay soap as long as the process follows the rules set by Islamic law.

Biogenic amines are naturally occurring organic bases produced by bacterial decarboxylation of amino acids that have been associated with harmful toxicology effects to humans. The main objective of this work is to investigate the possible role of biogenic amines (BAs) as indicators of spoilage in fresh chicken meat stored at 4°C for 15 days. A reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic method with isocratic elution system is used for the quantification of four biogenic amines (putrescine, histamine, tyramine, cadaverine and spermine as well as spermidine) in chicken meat. Amines were extracted with 5% of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and derivatised using dansyl chloride. The variation storage time differentiated the chicken meat on the microbiological characteristics. The results obtained shows that histamine, spermidine, tyramine, cadaverine, and putrescine increased slowly while spermine decreased for both chicken breast in halal and non-halal chicken meat. Thus, this BAs could be used as a spoilage index of fresh chicken meat.

Recently, biogenic amines (BA) have become an interest to many researchers along with the development of modern technologies as well as analytical methods to determine the compounds. BA is one of the most important components in food as an indicator of freshness especially histamine due to its capability to cause health issues and food intoxication. In many sensing applications, the development of biosensor electrodes has been widely used towards this discovery. The latest advances are in the utilization of carbon nanomaterials in biosensor electrodes and enzymatic methods for electro-analytical sensing devices. The studies in quantifying the amounts of BA have been widely investigated as its level content can determine the quality and safety of food presence today. Hence, this paper will be focusing on the determination of BA using modified carbon nanomaterials biosensors electrodes.

This study aims to prepare phosphotungstic acid supported on hydrotalcite (PTA-HT) for one-pot hydrothermal cellulose conversion into formic acid (FA). In this study, different percentages of PTA on HT (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 33%) were prepared and the catalytic activity was observed for two different parameters such as time (1 to 5 hours) and reaction temperature (160 to 240 °C). The prepared catalysts were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and field emission scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDX), while the production of FA was determined using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC). To avoid bias, raw PTA and calcined HT were compared with varying percentages of supported PTA. PTA-HT was successfully prepared through the impregnation method as confirmed by XRD, FTIR, BET and FESEM-EDX. According to the results, the optimum condition for cellulose conversion into formic acid was when 25% PTA-HT was applied at 220 °C for 4 hours, with a 30% cellulose conversion and 18 % FA yield. Due to the acidity and redox properties of PTA, it has been demonstrated that PTA-HT increased the catalytic activity by two-fold when compared to calcined HT alone (8%). The significance of this finding opens new suggestion of bifunctional catalyst in cellulose conversion into FA.

Tyramine (TYR) in foods have been regarded as a quality indicator of food freshness for assessing microbial action, which potentially affects human health. Enzyme-based electrochemical biosensor technology represents an excessively massive field that significantly impacts food quality control with incredible potential and rapid tools. Thus, this study aimed to immobilize tyrosinase (tyro) over single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) onto the screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) in the detection of TYR. The characteristics and electrochemical behaviour of the modified SPCEs were investigated by Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimum experimental conditions, Tyro-SWCNT-COOH/SPCE biosensor exhibit good performance at scan rate 50 mVs-1 (range of 10 to 500 mVs-1 ), pH 8.0 (range of 7.0 – 10.0), 8 µL enzyme tyrosinase (range of 2 to 10 µL), and 0.5 mg/mL SWCNTs (range of 0.2 - 3.0 mg/ml). The modified SPCEs was successfully applied for tyramine (TYR) determination with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.02 mM

In this study, a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim]PF6), N,N0-bis(2-hydroxyacetophenone) ethylenediamine (BZE) and Nafion to form a MWCNT-BZE-[bmim]PF6-Nafion-GCE. The electrochemical behaviour of the modified electrode with respect to silver (Ag(I)) ion detection was studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV). Furthermore, the experimental parameters including the pH value of Britton�Robinson Buffer (BRB), Nafion, MWCNTs, BZE and ([bmim]PF6) concentrations and the deposition potential and time were optimized. The detection limit of the modified electrode for the Ag(I) ion was found to be 70 ng L 1 (6.49 10 10 mol L 1). Repetitive measurements revealed good reproducibility with a relative standard deviation (RSD) value of 0.4%. The system performance of the modified electrode was highly satisfactory and the recoveries for river water samples were found to be 96�121%. This study proved that the MWCNT-BZE-[bmim]PF6-Nafion-GCE is a highly selective and sensitive modified electrode for the detection of the Ag(I) ion in river water samples with good recovery value.

Thin film based on gold nanoparticles or AuNPs is typically used as catalyst in the industrial processes due to their high stability and good reusability. In this work, a thin AuNPs-silica composite film was fabricated firstly from sol-gel method by mixing gold(I) pyrazolate complex to medium comprised of ethanol, deionized water, and hydrochloric acid, followed by addition of tetrabutyl orthosilicate as silica source. Next, 70 μL of the sol-gel solution were spin-coated on several type of substrates such as glass, anodized aluminium oxide or AAO, and combination of both to yield gold complex/silica composite thin film. It was found that gold complex/silica composite film fabricated on combination of both AAO-glass substrate gave the best quality based on its surface thickness, layer uniformity and film brittleness. Later, the thin film was selected and subjected to thermal hydrogen reduction at 210 °C for 2 hours to facilitate the formation of gold nanoparticles to give AuNPs/silica_AAO-glass film. Before the heat treatment, the light-brownish colour of the original gold complex/silica_AAO-glass film in daylight will appear as a pinkish red film under UV light, suggesting the interaction between gold atoms as supported by its luminescence spectrum at 692 nm. Upon heat treatment, the resulting AuNPs/silica_AAO-glass film gave a deep-red colour indicating the successful formation of AuNPs. The presence of AuNPs in the film was further confirmed based on its absorption peak at 545 nm, X-ray diffraction pattern at 2θ= 38.20º for d111plane in wide-angle region, transmission electron microscopy images showing a small and sphere shape particles as well as its elemental composition in energy dispersive X-ray analysis. Moreover, scanning electron microscope images of AuNPs/silica_AAO-glass film also suggested that the AAO pores is fully filled with the composite and is in accordance with its surface roughness study via atomic force microscopy analysis.

Biogenic amines (BAs) are used as a quality indicator of food freshness that evaluates microbial action, which potentially affects human health and has become a major concern for consumers and health agencies around the world. Electrochemical biosensor technology, with its rapid tools and incredible potential, represents a major field that significantly impacts food quality control. This is a sensitive, green, and easily adaptable method that can detect BAs even at low concentrations. Numerous electrochemical biosensors with a combination of enzymes and nanomaterials are widely used in the fabrication of biosensors to increase their sensitivity. This article comprehensively reviews the basic concepts of biosensors, the mechanism and application of enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors, enzyme immobilization, and performance enhancing biosensors. In addition, the use of enzyme-based electrochemical biosensors as a modifier for the detection of BAs in spoiled food is also discussed.

Airmuta najjismer ujuk kep ada air yang telah dicemar i den gan najis yan g men yeb abkan perubahan pada sif at-sif at asal air iaitu; warna, bau dan ras a. Dalam konteks semasa, air sis a kumbahan yan g terdap at di Loji Rawatan Kumbahan (LRK) dik ategorikan seb ag ai muta najjisdis eb ab kan ber ca mpur den gan najis termasuklah hasil per kumuhan iaitu tinja dan air ken cin g man usia. Hal in i men imbulk an per soalan men gen ai air kumbahan yan g telah dir awat den gan teknologi moden di LRK sama ad a boleh dik ategorik an seb ag ai airmutlaq atau tidak . Kajianin i ber tu ju an menganalisa mekan is ma pember sih an air kumbah an muta najjis di LRK men urut per spek tif fiq ah dan kajian sains. Seterusnya, men ganalisia air sis a kumbahan in i terhad ap hukum ta harah dalam Islam. Kajian in i men ggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, den gan te knik kutipan data sec ar a an alisis dokumen, pemer hatian di LRK Seran tau KL-Titiwangsa 2 milikIndah Water Konsortium (IWK), temubual ber sama pak ar Syar iah dan sains kimia air, ser ta an alisis mak mal. Hasil kajian men dap ati bahawa teknologi rawatan air kumbahan yan g ter dap at LRK Seran tau KL-Titiwangsa 2 IWK mampu men ukar status air darip ad a muta najjis kep ad a mutlaq setelah did ap ati memen uhi semua kriteria airmutl aq yan g ditetapkan ole h fuqah a. Melalui hasil dap atan an alisis mak mal, air sis a kumbahan yan g telah dir awat dik ategorikan dalam kategori yan g sama dengan airmutlaq. Oleh itu, ai r terseb ut boleh dig unak an untu k tu ju an ta harah

The world statistic on infection and death toll due to Covid-19 pandemic already reach 218 million and 4.5 million cases, respectively. In Malaysia alone, the number of death exceeding 16 thousands cases whereas infection case approaching 1.8 million cases. Proactive measures taken by Malaysia government which is inline with Maqasid al-Shariah and seerah of Rasulullah saw has successfully break the infection chain of Covid-19 up to 1 digit during the first phase of the pandemic. The use of soap and hand pensanitasi are very effective in preventing the infection of Covid-19 virus. These disinfection methods are considered as the main contribution of chemical sciences discipline in the implementation of Maqasid al-Shariah during this pandemic through the preservation of life. This presentation is relating the three dimensions ‘Covid 19 Virus-Chemical Sciences-Maqasid al-Shariah’ which producing a new synergy to prevent the spreading of the virus.

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is a derivative of cellulose that shares its biodegradability, biocompatibility,and renewability while being soluble in water and some organic solvents. It is due to these characteristics that the aerogel produced from CMC will share these advantages. In this study,we produced CMC carbon aerogel from different concentrationsof CMC aerogels (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) and under different carbonisation temperatures (300 °C, 400 °C, 500 °C, 600 °C, 700 °C and 800 °C) for a period of 1 hour and 2 hours. The prepared CMC carbon aerogel samples were then analysed based on the difference in mass loss,which differed according to the varying experimental parameters. In temperatures varying from 300 °C to 600 °C,there was a decrease in mass loss as the concentration was increased due to the physical properties of the CMC aerogel. At higher temperatures of 700 °C and 800 °C,the mass loss at higher concentrations of CMC increased due to the completed decomposition and carbonisation of CMC aerogel.

The utilization of biopolymer derived from Moringa oleifera bark using ZnCl2 and H2SO4 as activating agents for eliminating methylene blue, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from producing wastewater. In this study, methylene blue and both bacteria were effectively adsorbed by activated carbon with lowest dosage. The activated carbon was prepared from natural by product of Moringa oleifera bark by pyrolysis in a furnace at 700 °C for 1 h. The characteristics of activated carbon have been determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), pHzpc (zero point charge), and FTIR spectroscopy. The obtained result were closely fitted with Freundlich isotherm model and adsorption kinetics follow the pseudo second order model with the highest value of correlation coefficient (R2~1). Adsorption quantity was dose dependent and bacteria were maximum adsorbed using 10 mg of activated carbon as well as 25 mg for methylene blue. The maximum adsorption capacity showed within 1 hour. The bacterial cells were reduced by 98 % for E. coli, 96 % for P. aeruginosa as well as methylene blue reduced 94.2 % from aqueous solution using batch adsorption methods. Adsorption process controlled by film diffusion mechanism. These results proposed that the activated carbon of Moringa oleifera bark can be used as a good adsorbent for the removal of Methylene blue, E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

The utilization of biopolymer derived from Moringa oleifera bark using ZnCl2 and H2SO4 as activating agents for eliminating Methylene blue, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa from producing wastewater. In this study, Methylene blue and both bacteria were effectively adsorbed by activated carbon with lowest dosage. The activated carbon was prepared from natural-by product of Moringa oleifera bark by pyrolysis in a furnace at 700°C for 1 h. The characteristics of activated carbon have been determined using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), pHzpc (zero point charge), and FTIR spectroscopy. The obtained result were closely fitted with Freundlich isotherm model and adsorption kinetics follow the pseudo-second order model with the highest value of correlation coefficient (R2~1). Adsorption quantity was dose dependent and bacteria were maximum adsorbed using 10 mg of activated carbon as well as 25mg for methylene blue. The maximum adsorption capacity showed within 1 hour. The bacterial load was reduced by 98% for E. coli, 96% for P. aeruginosa as well as methylene blue reduced 94.2% from aqueous solution using batch adsorption methods. Adsorption process controlled by film diffusion mechanism. These result proposed that the activated carbon of Moringa oleifera can be used as a good adsorbent for the removal of Methylene blue, E. coli and P. aeruginosa.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) has been amongst of essential part of medical diagnostics in gynaecology and oncology since its discovery. Application of gold nanoparticles in detecting HCG is due to gold nanoparticles possess extraordinary optical and physical properties, making them invaluable in various prominent aspects, including its synthesis, stabilization, and functionalization as a sensor. In addition, microfluidic analytical device, a platform for point-of-care testing and numerous applications in various field, can be applied for detection of HCG using diverse types of detection methods. From the literatures, combination of gold nanoparticles and microfluidic analytical device can be assembled to obtain a rapid, simple and user-friendly analytical site for detection of HCG.

A direct, simple and low-cost approach to synthesising carbon aerogelmagnesium (CA-Mg) composites has been demonstrated in this research. It is conducted by carbonising sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) aerogels via a sol-gel and freezedrying process. Mg is used as an enhancer for CA in the preparation step and as a selective candidate for the hydrogen storage device. Note that the structure and morphology of CA-Mg composites are characterised using field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The ability of CA-Mg composites to act as a hydrogen storage device is analysed by utilising Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) and temperature-programmed desorption analysis. The CA-Mg composites comprise porous structures with a high specific surface area of 101.4407 m2 /g, and 0.002 mol of Mg2+ is the optimum concentration for synthesising CA-Mg composites. As a potential candidate for a hydrogen storage device, the CA-Mg composites show an initial dehydrogenation temperature of 377.22°C, where they desorbed the maximum amount of hydrogen gas. This study emphasises the potential for using CA as a hydrogen storage device, which fulfils the seventh goal of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), affordable and clean energy, as well as Department of Energy (DOE)’s goal of using carbon-based materials.