Malocclusion is an appreciable deviation from ideal occlusion that may be considered as aesthetically or functionally unsatisfactory. Treatment need indices are used to determine the need prior to orthodontic treatment. Index of Treatment Need (IOTN) and Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) are the most common indices used to determine the severity of malocclusion and treatment need. The aims of this study are to evaluate students’ diagnostic ability in determining orthodontic treatment need using IOTN and DAI, and to determine students’ perception to both indices. This study was carried out on 49 clinical dental students of the Islamic Science University of Malaysia (USIM). They attended a seminar and practical sessions on the IOTN and DAI indices given by orthodontist. All students were asked to score 20 study models using both indices. At the end of assessment, students were asked to answer questionnaires regarding their perceptions towards both indices. The data was analysed using paired t-test, kappa statistic and descriptive analysis. USIM clinical dental students were able to determine the severity of malocclusion using IOTN significantly better (p< 0.05) than DAI. The inter-rater reliability assessment resulted in interclass correlation coefficient of 0.62 for the IOTN and 0.61 for DAI. Questionnaires revealed that students prefer to use IOTN more than DAI in determining severity of malocclusion. Clinical dental students showed better understanding in diagnostic assessment using IOTN than DAI in determining severity of malocclusion.

Context: Growth and development is a continuous process that occurs intrauterine and continues until adulthood. In the process of reaching adulthood, children must go through various stages of growth and development, Growth is influenced by two main factors, namely internal (genetic) factors and external (environmental) factors. Internal factors include gender, obstetrics and race or ethnicity. Based on the background pattern above, the researcher wants to compare the difference in the duration of growth spurt between the Malaysian and Indonesian populations in terms of the Cervical Vertebrae Maturation (CVM) seen on the lateral cefalogram Aims: to compare the differences in the duration of growth spurt between girl and boy in Indonesian and Malaysia Population based on Cervical Vertebrae Maturation (CVM) seen in the lateral cephalogram to determine the right time and orthodontic treatment plan in order to get maximum treatment results. Methods and Material: The study was conducted in June 2020. The research variables were divided into 3 types, namely independent variables (chronological age), dependent variables (skeletal age and growth spurt duration) and controlled variables (Indonesian population children, Gender, CVM CS3 - CS4). Every sample that met the criteria was performed skeletal maturity analysis using Cervical Vertebrae Maturation. Results: The boy sample required a duration of age to reach maturity, 17.93 months in Indonesia and 17.91 months in Malaysia. Meanwhile, the girs sample only required the duration of growth spurt, namely 6.59 months in Indonesia and 6.64 months in Malaysia Conclusion: There is no significant difference between the duration of growth spurt in Indonesian Boy and Malaysian Boy and so does the duration of growth spurt for Indonesian and Malaysian girl.

Geometric morphometrics is a new approach for shape identification in diagnosis of malocclusion. Lateral cephalogram is an X-ray that taken for diagnosing malocclusion in dental setting. The aim of this study was to determine the differences of craniofacial shape in malocclusion by application of two-dimensional geometric morphometrics and to compile the database of malocclusion in adult Malaysian population. Lateral cephalogram radiographs of 381 adults Malaysia (age 18-45) were retrieved retrospectively and assigned to three groups according to their occlusion: class I, class II, and class III. The geometric morphometric shape study incorporated nine landmarks and was analyzed in details using tpsUtil p software. Geometric morphometric analysis such was done using MorphoJ software. The results of the principal component's analysis (PCA) yielded 14 main components responsible for 100% of the variation exhibited by the malocclusion with three highly significant PCA. The highest Mahalanobis distances were exhibited by the malocclusion class II and III population. The Procrustes ANOVA showed that the shape effect was highly significant (P<0.01). The discriminant function analysis showed the high percentage of 80% discriminate among the malocclusions after cross-validation. There are significant differences for ANB angle (A point-Nasion-B point) in all malocclusion groups. Class II has the widest ANB angle while class III has the most acute ANB angle. Skeletal shape was clearly associated with dental malocclusion and showed considerable variation. Geometric morphometrics is an alternative research tool and can be used for diagnosing individual classification of malocclusion.

High angle case is a type of malocclusion where the value of maxillo-mandibular plane angle (MMPA) exceed normal value and orthodontist often faces problem in managing patient with this type of case. This retrospective study was conducted to determine the prevalence and dentoalveolar features of high angle cases in Malay orthodontic patients treated in USIM specialist clinic. The sample comprised of 264 lateral cephalograms that were traced manually. The following values were assessed: ANB angle, MMPA, interincisal angle (IIA), upper molar angulation (UMA), lower molar angulation (LMA) based on 11 landmarks. Vertical skeletal pattern, anteroposterior skeletal pattern and dentoalveolar features based on interincisal angle and molar angulation were calculated. All data were analysed using descriptive statistic and chi square test. The prevalence of high angle cases were the highest in class II skeletal pattern. There was significant association between anteroposterior and vertical skeletal pattern. For dentoalveolar features, IIA and UMA revealed the most acute angle in class II skeletal pattern. In contrast for LMA, class I skeletal pattern had the most acute angle. Most patients with class II skeletal pattern were found with high angle vertical dimension and acute interincisal angle and upper molar angulation which indicated high anchorage demand and long-term retention after orthodontic treatment

Malocclusion is a condition of misaligned teeth or irregular occlusion of the upper and lower jaws. This condition leads to poor performance of vital functions such as chewing. A common procedure in orthodontic treatment for malocclusion is a conventional diagnostic procedure where a dental health professional takes dental x-rays to examine the teeth to diagnose malocclusion. However, the manual orthodontic diagnostic procedure by dental experts to identify malocclusion is time-consuming and vulnerable to expert bias that results in delayed treatment completion time. Recently, artificial intelligence technology in image processing has gained attention in orthodontics treatment, accelerating the diagnosis and treatment process. However, several issues concerning the dental images as input of the classification model may affect the accuracy of the classification. In addition, unstructured images with varying sizes and the problem of a machine learning algorithm that does not focus on the region of interest (ROI) for incisor features bring challenges in delivering the treatment. This study has developed a malocclusion classification model using the cut-out method and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). The cut-out method restructures the input images by standardising the sizes and highlighting the incisor sections of the images which assisted the CNN in accurately classifying the malocclusion. From the results, the implementation of the cut-out method generates higher accuracy across all classes of malocclusion compared to the non-implementation of the cut-out method.

Introduction: The formation of white spot lesions (WSL) around fixed orthodontic attachments is a common complication during and following fixed orthodontic treatment. The objectives of this study were to determine patient's knowledge on risk of developing WSLs during fixed orthodontic treatment, to identify oral hygiene practice by the patients and preventive method given during treatment. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional observational study using questionnaires. Subjects were selected by convenience sampling from orthodontic patients who attended orthodontic specialist clinic in Faculty of Dentistry, USIM. Subjects who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were asked to answer the questionnaires. The knowledge assessments were on development of WSL during treatment and oral hygiene care in orthodontic patients. Results: A total of 32 subjects were given the questionnaires. Half of them did not know that wearing braces can cause formation of WSL around the brackets. For oral hygiene practiced, 96.9% brushed their teeth more than twice daily. About 75% of them stated that their orthodontists emphasized on tooth brushing technique. Conclusion: Most patients have fair knowledge about WSL as a complication of fixed orthodontic treatment and adequate oral hygiene practices. More education on awareness regarding the development of WSL during fixed orthodontic treatment will improve treatment outcome.

This research is a randomized controlled trial to compare the effectiveness of plaque removal between manual conventional and orthodontic toothbrushes in patients having fixed orthodontic treatment using Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI). This study was conducted by two orthodontists at USIM Specialist Dental Clinic with almost perfect agreement level (Kappa score: 0.95). A total of 58 orthodontic patients were divided into 2 groups; first group were patients given manual conventional toothbrush (CTB) and the other were given orthodontic toothbrush (OTB). Consent obtained, and participants were instructed to follow standardized specific oral hygiene care regimes. Orthodontic Plaque Index (OPI) was then recorded during baseline(V0), 1 month (V1), 2 months (V2), and 3 months (V3) reviews for all participants. Out of 58 patients, only 26 participants (5 male and 21 female) completed the 3 review visits. Median values were used as data was not normally distributed. At baseline, both OTB and CTB group median values were 2.00±1.00. At first month review, V1 the median values for both groups maintained at 2.00±0.00. The same values maintained at second month review, V2 where OTB was 2.00±0.00 and CTB was 2.00±1.00. During last review visit, V3 the median values for OTB was 2.00±1.00 and CTB was 2.00±0.00. Overall mean values were 1.94 (SD=0.42) for the OTB group and 2.02 (SD=0.49) for CTB group. The mean’s significant differences of OPI score between two groups was compared using Mann Whitney's U test and the resulted p value was found to be insignificant (p>0.05) where p-value for OTB is 0.42 and p= 0.65 for CTB group. These results suggested that there were no significant differences in plaque removal ability between OTB and CTB in patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.