Mortality rate is the measurement of the number of death in certain population and it is scaled to the size of the population per unit time. The study of mortality rate is meant to find ways to extend the survival of an individual to reduce the mortality rate. Mortality rate is also one of the important elements in determining the premium in insurance pricing. In Malaysia, Census department will take the responsibility to determine the total number of population and the data will be presented in the form of five years age group called Abridged Life Table. This paper used the Abridged data and to obtain the rate for each age, Heligmann Polard Method was applied to expand the Abridged Life table into a complete table.

Background: The increase in life expectancy along with the demographic pattern moving towards ageing population especially among women has exposed women to face higher risk of poverty in later life. Employees Provident Fund in Malaysia is a defined contribution plan that provides benefits during retirement based on the amount saved in the fund. However, the allowance of making pre-retirement withdrawals during employment leads to problems in the adequacy of retirement income and this in turn gives impact upon the quality of life in retirement. Objective: The objectives of this study are to examine the impact of pre-retirement withdrawals on income during employment and to identify either men or women would face higher risk of poverty during old age. Results: The results has found that with pre-retirement withdrawals, women are unlikely to maintain their standard of living under the present retirement scheme due to low replacement rates and they face higher risk of poverty compared to men. Conclusion: In conclusion, the implementation of pre-retirement withdrawal exposed women to face higher risk of poverty in old age. Therefore, the policymaker should review the implementation of this policy by giving options to employees in Malaysia in order to balance a comfortable living during employment and after retirement.

Myocardial Infarction is the number one cause of death in Malaysia. Among all individuals who have Myocardial Infarction, lower income households are the most affected group by this disease. Smoking will increase the risk of having Myocardial Infarction. Smokers are usually found in the lower income group. Lower income households who suffer Myocardial Infarction will face economic burden since the cost of Myocardial Infarction treatment is high. Due to financial constraints, many lower income individuals are not able to participate in insurance or takaful product. Moreover, smoking will increase the rate of premium for insurance and takaful hence increase the difficulty for the individuals to join the insurance or takaful scheme. The objective of this study is to investigate the association of smoking with Myocardial Infarction in Malaysia. This study used a narrative literature review to review paper related to smoking and Myocardial Infarction. From this study, we found that there are many controllable risk factors of Myocardial Infarction. Smoking status is the most significant risk factor of Myocardial Infarction. Smoking will increase the risk of an individual to have Myocardial Infarction. Other than that, most of the smokers were lower income group. B40 income group in Malaysia use 2.3% of their income for alcoholic beverage and tobacco. This is high compared to the M40 and T20 income group. Smoking not only triggered the risk of having Myocardial Infarction but also bring other dangerous effects such as respiratory disease and cancer. A further study on modelling the risk of myocardial infarction related to smoking and myocardial infarction is needed to understand the real association of smoking with Myocardial Infarction especially among lower income individuals in Malaysia.

Insurers priced insurance products based on the risk of the insured. As at current, gender is used as one of the main risk rating factors in premium pricing. The premium price may differ from one another as male and female tends to have different levels of risks. However, this practice has raised concerns towards the equal treatment of men and women in the insurance pricing. Moreover, since this issue had also become the heated debate in the European country it is interesting to investigate on the implication of using unbiased mortality rate in Malaysia. Therefore, this paper will be discussing on the practice of using unbiased mortality rate in insurance pricing. This paper is focused on the construction of unbiased mortality rate and profit testing for Mortgage Reducing Term Assurance (MRTA). Results have shown that the unbiased mortality rate could be implemented in Malaysia as it does not incur extra loses to the insurer.