As the world is getting older, the elder population is also increasing year by year, and this includes those who are in disability state. To define a sustainable long term care system for the elders, this is based on long term care demand and supply, funding scheme and distributional effects of the policies. To cater this, Personal Social Services Research Unit (PSSRU) long term care projection model is introduced by the United Kingdom as a reference to project future cost, demand and expenditure. This model has also been a main reference in major long term care research in international level, with specific definition and assumptions to suit their respective national context. This paper suggests that, with the same basis, the PSSRU model is also suitable for Malaysia. This paper also suggests on the basic definitions that are suitable for Malaysia�s context to run a proper long term care expenditure projection for the Malaysian elders. � 2017 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

Myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke are two of the top causes of death globally, including countries in Asia. These diseases are part of the cardiovascular disease and share similar risk factors such as hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, diabetes, BMI, and smoking. Each country in Asia region has a different rate of death caused by stroke and myocardial disease, which is related to the prevalence of risk factors among their population. By investigating the trends and distribution of CVD death rate and the prevalence of risk factors in selected countries, we are able to identify that hypertension and smoking are indeed important risk factors for stroke and MI. Although glucose level, cholesterol level, and BMI are not able to reflect the distribution of CVD death rate well, they must have an association with stroke and MI to some extent. Practicing healthy lifestyle and avoiding risk factors should be able to reduce the risk of death by stroke or MI. � 2017 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.

The vital role of Malaysian Employees' Provident Fund (EPF) is to provide financial support for its participants during retirement years. However, the issues of inadequacy have risen and EPF has been through various improvements in order to cope with current living situations, including making adjustment in the contribution rates. This study intends to provide the projection of EPF accumulations for three different types of contribution rates namely contribution rates at current fixed rate, increasing and decreasing proportion. Then, the replacement ratio is calculated and is used as an indicator to determine the adequacy of retirement income delivered by EPF. The ideal replacement ratio recommended by financial advisors is at 70%. Based on the findings in this study, contribution rates following a decreasing proportion gives replacement ratio that exceeds or nearest to the ideal replacement ratio, while contribution rates at current fixed rate gives replacement rates that fall far from 70%. Therefore, this study shows that the accumulated amount in the fund with contribution rates following a decreasing proportion gives higher replacement ratio and is recommended to be applied by the Malaysian EPF. � 2017 Author(s).

The increase in the number of older populations has raised concerns globally. This demographic changes is due to the increase in life expectancy and declines in fertility as well as mortality rates. Malaysia is also currently experiencing the demographic changes and these changes leads to concerns on the uncertaintiness of future family care and the need for long-term care services. Therefore, this study investigates on the level of awareness on financing long term care cost between rural and urban residential area and marital status amomg respondents in Malaysia. 452 responds were analysed using multiple linear regiression model to identify the variables that influenced the level of acceptance and awareness towards long-term care cost. Findings show that dependency towards retirement income is significant from urban-rural residents and among single respondents. Health status is also significant for both rural-urban and marital status. However, literacy towards the long term care cost is significant among respondents residing in urban areas only and also married couples. The findings are beneficial and relevant to demonstrate on the importance of financial planning to fund for future long-term care costs. � 2018 Authors.

An ageing population is a worldwide phenomenon, as the results of improvement in mortality rates and drops in fertility rate over the past century. Previously, this trend was focused among the developed countries of Europe and North America but over the past 20 years, the ageing population has started to grow in the developing countries, especially countries of Southeast Asia such as Malaysia. Given changes in fertility and improving life expectancy, the figure is expected to increase significantly. According to the Department of Statistics Malaysia, it is estimated that 6.5% of the total population is aged 65 and above in 2018 and this figure is expected to increase to 14.5% in 2040. With the current changes in the demographic trend, it is expected that there will be changes in the amount of savings and this could also lead to changes in the economic performances in the future. Thus, the main objective of this study is to examine the impact of the ageing population on economic growth in Malaysia by using annual data from the year 1985 to 2016. Total fertility rates, life expectancy, labour force participation rate and old-dependency ratio are variables that are used in the study. These data were analysed using Multiple Linear Regression Model and the results indicate that Malaysia is expected to experience the ageing population in the future and that it gives effect towards Malaysian's economic growth. 2020, Akademi Sains Malaysia.

The first 30 days after the onset of myocardial infarction (MI), also known as heart attack, is very crucial for the patients, as the risk of deaths during the period of time is considerably high. Using logistic regression, we will model the deaths within 30 days following MI, and see how the MI risk factors affect the probability of sudden deaths. A dataset for the regression consists of 28420 patients from several hospitals in Malaysia, provided by National Cardiovascular Disease Database (NCVD). The risk factors studied in this paper are age, gender, year of onset, smoking habit, BMI, diabetes, hypertension, and cholesterol level. The regression results show that the risk of sudden deaths increase with age and diabetes, while BMI, hypertension and cholesterol level have inverse effects on sudden deaths rate. There are no significant changes in the sudden deaths rate observed for different gender, smoking habits and the year of onset. � 2018 Author(s).

The objective of this study is to see the trends of Mortality Rate due to Coronary Heart Disease among Malaysian population by different Age and Sex groups. This is due to statistics report from Department of Statistics Malaysia and Ministry of Health Malaysia that shown the number of Malaysians suffered coronary heart disease has increase every year. This study has been conducted to see current mortality rates from coronary heart disease in Malaysia. This study used Age Specific Death Rate to calculate mortality rates of CHD. This study also aimed to see which age group and gender have most number of death due to coronary heart disease in Malaysia. The data used in this study is secondary time series data from year 2001 to 2013 and were taken from Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOS). Generally, the result shows that the mortality rate of Coronary Heart Disease among Malaysians increases every year. Number of males suffered Coronary Heart Disease are more than females and age group 60 and above are the highest and riskiest group to suffer coronary heart disease. Copyright International Association of Engineers.

Myocardial infarction (MI) is among the top causes of death in Malaysia. The mortality rate following MI was high, especially within the first 30 days after the onset. This paper study the ability of k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) and Naïve Bayes algorithms to predict the 30-day mortality of MI patients, using. The dataset used for this study is provided by National Cardiovascular Disease Database (NCVD) which consist of 2840 MI patients from hospitals in Malaysia. The sudden death predictions made by the machine learning are based on the age, gender, year of onset, smoking habit, BMI, diabetes, hypertension and cholesterol level. The result suggests that kNN algorithm has better performance in predicting the sudden death compared to Naïve Bayes. The number of independent variables plays an important role in mortality prediction, and removing insignificant variables improve the performance.