Background: Hand hygiene is regarded as the most important measure to prevent spread of infectious diseases. The aim of this study was to assess the feasibility of a prototype application in an electronic device in educating, stimulating and monitoring hand hygiene quality in young children. Method: A pre-school was provided with an interactive hand hygiene application for two months. The device features an online administrator dashboard for data collection and for monitoring the children’s hand washing steps and duration. A good hand washing is defined as hand washing which comprise all of the steps outlined in the World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines. Results: The prototype managed to capture 6882 hand wash performed with an average of 20.85 seconds per hand wash. Washing hands palm to palm was the most frequent (79.9%) step performed, whereas scrubbing fingernails and wrists were the least (56%) steps performed. Conclusions: The device is a good prototype to educate, stimulate and monitor good hand hygiene practices. However, other measures should be undertaken to ensure sustainability of the practices.

A biomedical implant is a man-made transplanted device used to replace missing life structures and support damaged biological hard tissue. The primary goal of these structures is to preserve the anatomical fixation of the human body. Currently, advanced titanium alloys occupy almost half of the market share of implant products however, they still pose concerns such as decreasing osteogenesis during application. This paper presents a review of the role of additive manufacturing (AM) in providing innovative methods for fabricating metallic alloys toward Industrial Revolution 4.0. Initially, an overview of biomedical implants is discussed, followed by an examination of the ability of titanium alloys produced using AM methods. Mechanical properties and other issues relating to the functional application of these biomedical implants are promptly discovered. Further, the effect of bone-implant contact between implants and tissues, which can lead to failure, while advanced methods to improve osteointegration through surface modification of the AM fabricated titanium alloys are also scrutinised.