Background: Obesity induced pulmonary dysfunctions has been well documented but little is known about the relationship between obesity and blood gases. This study examined the association between obesity related anthropometric measurements and blood gases changes among military personnel. Methods: A total of 103 healthy military personnel were recruited, their anthropometric indices namely Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hip circumference (HC), waist-hip-ratio (WHR) and percentage of body fat (PBF) were obtained. 1 ml of arterial blood was withdrawn from the radial artery for arterial blood gases analysis. Results: 75.2% (n=79) and 24.8% (n=26) of subjects with and without obesity, respectively. PaO2 was significantly inversely correlated with BMI, (r = -0.435, p = 0.000), WC (r = -0.345, p = 0.000), WHR (r = -0.227, p = 0.021) and PBF(r = -0.418, p = 0.000). The pCO2 was significantly correlated with BMI (r = -0.226, p=0.022), WC (r=0.256, p=0.000), HC (r=0.432, p=0.000), WHR (0.225, p=0.022) and PBF (0.319, p=0.001). The BMI, WC, WHR and PBF (except HR), were also significantly inversely correlated with low Pa HCO3- (r = -0.275, p = 0.005), (r = -0.291, p=0.003), (r = -0.3, p=0.002) and (r= -0.319, p=0.001) respectively. Conclusion: All the anthropometric measurements studied except HC were predictors for blood gases changes in individuals with obesity. Both overall and central obesity were associated with hypoxemia, hypercapnia and low bicarbonate suggesting that blood gases changes could be due to combination of obesity-induced physical mechanical respiratory changes, fat contents and obesity related biochemical.

Sejarah mencatatkan, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) dikenal pasti sekitar abad 17 Masihi dan dikaitkan dengan peranan cetusan syaitan sehingga perlu dirawat menggunakan pendekatan menghalau hantu exorcisme (Salzman & Thaler, 1981). Istilah OCD diambil menerusi kenyataan Westphal’s pada akhir kurun ke 19 dengan terma “zwangsvorstellung” yang bermaksud “obsession” atau “compulsion” (Kaplan & Sadock’s, 2017; 4577). Di Perancis, OCD dikenali sebagai folie du doubte atau “doubting disease” (Martin & Castello, 2008: 40). Hakikatnya OCD suatu ketika dahulu dianggap penyakit psikiatri yang jarang berlaku. Namun, kajian oleh Hollander (1997) mendapati, OCD sudah menjadi penyakit psikiatri yang paling lumrah berbanding penyakit psikiatri lain melibatkan 1-2% populasi dunia. OCD dikelaskan kepada beberapa tema seperti contaminantion fears, checking, rumination, symmentary and ordering (Victoria et al., 2017), sexual aggressive, religion, repeating ritual dan hoarding (Danielle Einstein & Menzies .G, 2003).

Waswas atau kecelaruan obsesif-kompulsif (OCD) merupakan antara sepuluh beban penyakit utama di seluruh dunia yang diklasifikasikan oleh World Health Organization (WHO) (Murray, 1996). Sehubungan itu, kupasan terhadap isu waswas ini dari aspek rawatan dan penyelidikan banyak dirujuk kepada psikiatri moden dan klinikal psikologi. Walaubagaimanapun pendekatan rawatan waswas menurut sarjana Islam di era ketamadunan Islam kurang diketengahkan kepada masyarakat. Justeru, objektif kajian adalah untuk mengumpul dan mengenal pasti fokus rawatan waswas oleh sarjana Islam pada abad ke 8 sehingga abad 19 Masihi di bawah pemerintahan khilafah Islam berteraskan empat domain hidup iaitu biologi, psikologi, sosial dan spiritual. Manakala dari aspek metode, kajian mengaplikasi sepenuhnya kajian kualitatif berasaskan dokumentasi. Hasil kajian mendapati bahawa terdapat sebanyak 10 terapi berasaskan biologi, 6 pendekatan psikologi, 3 pendekatan bersifat sosial dan 2 amalan beserta 8 doa sebagai pendekatan rawatan secara spiritual. Penemuan ini amat berharga kepada masyarakat Islam kerana keperluan dalam keseimbangan empat elemen ini penting bagi mengatasi masalah waswas dan tidak hanya tertumpu kepada pendekatan rawatan bersifat spiritual.

Waswas atau kecelaruan obsesif kompulsif (OCD) merupakan antara sepuluh beban penyakit utama di seluruh dunia yang diklasifikasikan oleh World Health Organization (WHO) (Murray, 1996). Kupasan terhadap isu, rawatan dan penyelidikkan terhadap waswas atau OCD banyak dirujuk kepada psikiatri moden dan klinikal psikologi. Sehubungan dengan itu, pendekatan rawatan yang bersifat biopsikososial spiritual telah dianggap sebagai rawatan holistik dalam rawatan mental dan fizikal. Walau bagaimanapun, pendekatan rawatan ini kurang diketengahkan kepada masyarakat khususnya yang melibatkan rawatan waswas atau OCD. Justeru, objektif kajian adalah untuk mengumpul dan mengenal pasti fokus rawatan waswas oleh sarjana Islam yang terpilih berteraskan empat domain hidup iaitu biologi, psikologi, sosial dan spiritual. Manakala dari aspek metode, kajian mengaplikasi sepenuhnya kajian kualitatif berasaskan pendekatan dokumentasi. Hasil kajian mendapati, terdapat 10 terapi berasaskan biologi, 6 pendekatan menerusi psikologi, 3 pendekatan bersifat sosial dan 2 amalan beserta 8 doa sebagai pendekatan rawatan yang bersifat spiritual. Kajian ini penting untuk masyarakat Islam bagi memberi kefahaman terhadap keseimbangan dan kesepaduan empat elemen ini untuk mengatasi gangguan waswas dan tidak hanya tertumpu kepada pendekatan rawatan bersifat spiritual.

Religiosity is a construct that has interesting implications in the mental health issues of youths. This study examines the role of religiosity on anxiety, depression, and stress using 148 Muslim students studying Islamic studies at undergraduate provision in an Islamic University as sample. Results indicated that the level of religiosity among the participants ranged from moderately religious to highly religious. The mean levels of anxiety, depression, and stress among the participants were moderate, and a significant number of students suffered from severe psychological distress. Female students were reported to experience significantly slightly more stress than male students. Furthermore, the relationship between religiosity, anxiety, and depression was significantly negative but not stressful. Further analysis found that religiosity serves as a protective factor for depression. Meanwhile, some religiosity components (i.e., avoidance of sinful acts and frequent conduct of recommended acts) were found to be a significant protective factor against anxiety and depression, respectively. Thus, in retrospect, mental health and religion appear to converge on managing psychological distress. As so to speak, this is a vital point in the emerging mental health services in which the incorporation of religious components into clinical practice may show good promising results in aiding the recovery process of psychological health issues. Likewise, embedding religiosity in one’s life, or being religiously minded, reflected in daily life manifestation, is linked with better mental health outcomes.

The term waswas was used five times in the Quran and seven times in 7 Kutub Hadith. Its interpretations given by exegetes and scholars in Islamic studies are various and one of them is related to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This is a study of the term waswas with the specific goal to identify its elements that are in parallel with a modern understanding of OCD. This is a qualitative study which employs content and document analysis of selected Islamic exegesis of the al-Quran, Hadith and traditional scholar opinions focusing on three aspects of OCD; obsession, compulsive behavior and causes. Al-Quran and Hadith is the final miracle that encompasses geographical and generational limits. Even though OCD seems to be a diagnosis of modern days, its essences were mentioned in the great Al-Quran.

Several hadiths reported by the Prophet Muhammad ﷺcontain several questions and answers about a topic. It discusses a lot about all the issues that occur, as well as answers to the issues that are provided. However, questions and answers from hadiths on mental issues have long been employed as one of the therapies used by psychiatrists and clinical psychologists today, known as Socratic inquiry. This technique is significant in the process of mental health therapy, particularly for waswas or obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), as well as for other mental disorders such as anxiety disorder. Based on a knowledge of Hadith jurisprudence, the purpose of this research is to compile those hadiths linked to waswas that contain features of Socratic inquiry. A total of four hadiths have been recognised as being associated with misgiving and the use of Socratic inquiry as a problem-solving technique. As a result, three forms of Socratic inquiry have been developed based on four hadiths linked to misgiving, namely Questions of Clarification, Questions About the Question, and Questions that Probe Assumptions. This study is anticipated to emphasise the chosen hadith method as one component of treatment in mental health, specifically the waswas issue.Kata Kunci:Question and Answer, Waswas Problem, Socratic Questioning, Mental Problem, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), HadithArticle ProgressReceived:15 February 2023Revised: 24Januari 2023Accepted: 10April2023*Corresponding Author: Mohd Zahir Abdul Rahman1Fakulti Pengajian Quran dan Sunnah, Universiti Sains Islam MalaysiaEmail:zahir@usim.edu.myPENDAHULUANMengajukan persoalan kerana menginginkan jawapan yang pasti dari seseorang yang lebih tahu sangat digalakkan dalam Islam. Perkara ini ditekankan oleh Allah s.w.t dalam firmanNya:ََنوُمَلۡعَتَََلََۡمُتنُكَنِّإَِّرۡكِّذلٱََلۡهَأَْآوُلََََۡسَف“Maka bertanyalah kepada orang yang mempunyai pengetahuan jika kalian tidak mengetahui.”(Al-Nahl: 43)Namun pertanyaan bagi seseorang yang mengalami masalah waswas agak berbeza pendekatannya dengan persoalan berkaitan hukum hakam agama. Ini kerana permasalahan waswas sejak zaman Nabi Adam, Rasulullah ﷺsehingga kini masih berlaku seolah-olah tiada pengakhiran. Persoalannya, adakah ayat al-Quran dan Hadis masih belum merungkaikan solusi bagi permasalahan waswas ini? Jika ditinjau dengan lebih terperinci, ruang lingkup solusi waswas bukan sekadar membaca isti’azah semata sebagaimana yang selalu di fahami. Jika amalan ini dipegang dan dijadikan solusi utama sudah tentu masalah waswas hari ini sudah selesai dan sudah boleh dijadikan sebagai satu lakaran sejarah. Walhal permasalahan waswas ini masih berlaku bahkan dikenali juga dalam istilah psikiatri moden pada hari ini sebagai obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD) atau dalam terma arab sebagai Idtirab Waswas al-Qahriy (Zahir, 2021).Kebetulan atau taqdir itulah yang boleh dinyatakan di sini.Topik kajian ini tertumpu kepada hadis-hadis yang boleh dikaitkan dengan socratic questioningyang boleh dipraktikan bagi pesakit kesihatan mental terutamanya yang menghidapi penyakit waswas melampau. Socratic questioningmerupakan salah satu kaedah terapi dalam Cognitive Behaviour Therapy(CBT) bagi merawat pesakit mental (Clark & Egan, 2015) seperti anxiety disorderdan