Aim: This study was to determine the antibacterial activity of Melastoma malabathricum stem bark acetone extract (MMSBAE) against Streptococcus mutans. Methodology and results: Antibacterial activity of the extract was determined by minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC), biofilm formation, adherence inhibition, time kill studies and effect on S. mutans membrane integrity. MIC and MBC values of MMSBAE were 1.25 and 5 mg/mL, respectively. Time kill studies showed that reduction of colony forming unit in treated cells is 3 log10 after 10 h of treatment (p < 0.05). The extracts reduced 50% biofilm and adherence activity of S. mutans at 1.88 mg/mL. The effect on S. mutans membrane integrity after exposure to MMSBAE for 90 and 120 min was determined by measuring leakage of cell content at 2 different wavelengths of 260 nm and 280 nm. In leakage assay, the percentage of absorbance (260 nm) in treated cell material showed 57% at 90 min and 60% at 120 min which is higher than negative control (<20%) but less than positive control (100%). The percentage absorbance of treated cell material (280 nm) was 61% at 90 min and 63% at 120 min. Identification of compound in MMSBAE was done by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GCMS). Ten compounds were identified in the MMSBAE with some of them important in antimicrobial activity such as ethyl ester, undecene, and gamma sitosterol. Conclusion, significance and impact of study: MMSBAE showed excellent bactericidal and antibacterial activities against S. mutans. The antibacterial mode of action of MMSBAE is suggested to be the disruption of the S. mutans membrane structure. The MMSBAE significantly inhibited biofilm and adherence activities of S. mutans in dose dependent manner (p < 0.05). MMSBAE has potential in the development of antibacterial agent with anti-biofilm and anti-adherence activities.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is an immune-mediated disease of the oral mucosa with idiopathic aetiology. It is frequently treated with topical corticosteroids (applied as gels, mouthwashes, or sprays); however, the mucosal exposure times of topical corticosteroids are short because of removal by the constant flow of saliva and mechanical forces. In this study we used cell monolayers, as well as oral mucosal equivalents (OMEs) containing activated T-cells, to examine corticosteroid potency and delivery of clobetasol-17-propionate from a novel electrospun mucoadhesive patch. The OMEs displayed tight junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and an efficient permeability barrier. Following application of corticosteroids to cells cultured as monolayers, the degree of cytotoxicity measured correlated to the level of potency recognized for each corticosteroid; by contrast, OMEs were largely unaffected by corticosteroid treatment. Permeation of clobetasol-17-propionate into and through the OMEs was time- and dose-dependent, regardless of whether this corticosteroid was delivered in liquid form or from a mucoadhesive patch, and both liquid- and patch-delivered clobetasol-17-propionate significantly reduced the secretion of interleukin-2 by activated T-cells. This study confirms that OMEs are more suitable models than cell monolayers for evaluating toxicity and drug delivery. After topical exposure, clobetasol-17-propionate accumulated in OMEs at a higher level than betamethasone-17-valerate and hydrocortisone-17-valerate, and exerted its immunosuppressive actions following application via the patch delivery system, highlighting the efficacy of this mode of drug delivery to treat OLP.

Poly(aryl-ether-ketone) materials (PAEKs), a class of high-performance polymers comprised of polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and polyetherketoneketone (PEKK), have attracted interest in standard dental procedures due to their inherent characteristics in terms of mechanical and biological properties. Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) is a restorative dental material widely used for prosthetic frameworks due to its superior physical, mechanical, aesthetic, and handling features. Meanwhile, polyetherketoneketone (PEKK) is a semi-crystalline thermoplastic embraced in the additive manufacturing market. In the present review study, a new way to fabricate high-performance polymers, particularly PEEK and PEKK, is demonstrated using additive manufacturing digital dental technology, or 3-dimensional (3D) printing. The focus in this literature review will encompass an investigation of the chemical, mechanical, and biological properties of HPPs, particularly PEEK and PEKK, along with their application particularly in dentistry. High-performance polymers have gained popularity in denture prosthesis in advance dentistry due to their flexibility in terms of manufacturing and the growing interest in utilizing additive manufacturing in denture fabrication. Further, this review also explores the literature regarding the properties of high-performance polymers (HPP) compared to previous reported polymers in terms of the dental material along with the current advancement of the digital designing and manufacturing.

Statement of problem. Current 3-dimensionally (3D) printed denture bases have inadequate strength and durability for long-term use, and milled denture bases generate excessive waste. Addressing these limitations is crucial to advancing prosthetic dentistry, ensuring improved patient outcomes and promoting environmental responsibility. Purpose. The purpose of this in vitro study was to incorporate microparticles into a commercially available 3D printed denture base resin and compare its mechanical and biological properties with the conventional polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) denture base material. Material and methods. Microparticles were collected from milled zirconia blanks and were blended with a 3D printing denture base resin (NextDent Denture 3D+). The optimal zirconia microparticle content (2%) for blending and printed was determined by using a liquid-crystal display (LCD) 3D printer. The printed specimens were then postrinsed and postpolymerized based on the manufacturer’s instructions. Mechanical and biological characterization were carried out in terms of flexural strength, fracture toughness, and fungal adhesion. One-way ANOVA was carried out to analyze the results statistically. Results. The incorporation of microparticles in the 3D printed denture demonstrated higher mechanical strength (104.77 ±7.60 MPa) compared with conventional heat-polymerized denture base resin (75.15 ±24.41 MPa) (P<.001), but the mechanical strength deteriorated when compared with the unmodified 3D printing resin (122.17 ±11.58 MPa) (P<.001). However, the modified 3D printed denture showed greater antibacterial activity (1184.00 ±243.25 CFU/mL) than the unmodified resin (1486.50 ±103.94 CFU/mL) (P=.045). Conclusions. The incorporation of microparticles into the 3D printed denture base resin demonstrated the potential to enhance the mechanical and biological properties of the denture base when compared with conventional techniques. However, when compared with the unmodified 3D printed denture base resin, the mechanical properties deteriorated while the biological properties improved. (J Prosthet Dent xxxx;xxx:xxx-xxx)

Three-dimensional printing is increasingly applied in dentistry to fabricate denture bases. Several 3D-printing technologies and materials are available to fabricate denture bases, but there is data scarcity on the effect of printability, mechanical, and biological properties of the 3D-printed denture base upon fabricating with different vat polymerization techniques. In this study, the NextDent denture base resin was printed with the stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and light-crystal display (LCD) technique and underwent the same post-processing procedure. The mechanical and biological properties of the denture bases were characterized in terms of flexural strength and modulus, fracture toughness, water sorption and solubility, and fungal adhesion. One-way ANOVA and Tukey’s post hoc were used to statistically analyze the data. The results showed that the greatest flexural strength was exhibited by the SLA (150.8 ± 7.93 MPa), followed by the DLP and LCD. Water sorption and solubility of the DLP are significantly higher than other groups (31.51 ± 0.92 µg mm3 ) and 5.32 ± 0.61 µg mm3 , respectively. Subsequently, the most fungal adhesion was found in SLA (221.94 ± 65.80 CFU/mL). This study confirmed that the NextDent denture base resin designed for DLP can be printed with different vat polymerization techniques. All of the tested groups met the ISO requirement aside from the water solubility, and the SLA exhibited the greatest mechanical strength.

Polymers remain an integral part of denture fabrication materials, specifically polymethylmetacrylate (PMMA). PMMA has been extensively used, particularly in construction as a denture base material. Nonetheless, various challenges, including microbial threats in the form of candidiasis occurrence, still remain a biological challenge to denture wearers. The present article comprehensively reviews the biomodifications introduced to denture components, in particular denture base material, to improve the overall biological properties, together with physical, mechanical, structural integrity, and optical properties. In addition, fundamental information specifically to PMMA as a conventional denture base material and the causative aetiological microbial agents for biological threat to dentures are explored

Excellent wound dressings should have crucial components, including high porosity, non-toxicity, high water absorption, and the ability to retain a humid environment in the wound area and facilitate wound healing. Unfortunately, current wound dressings hamper the healing process, with poor antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, frequent dressing changes, low biodegradability, and poor mechanical properties. Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer chains with three-dimensional (3D) networks that have been applicable as wound dressings. They could retain a humid environment on the wound site, provide a protective barrier against pathogenic infections, and provide pain relief. Hydrogel can be obtained from natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymers. Honey is a natural substance that has demonstrated several therapeutic efficacies, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity, which makes it beneficial for wound treatment. Honey-based hydrogel wound dressings demonstrated excellent characteristics, including good biodegradability and biocompatibility, stimulated cell proliferation and reepithelization, inhibited bacterial growth, and accelerated wound healing. This review aimed to demonstrate the potential of honey-based hydrogel in wound healing applications and complement the studies accessible regarding implementing honey-based hydrogel dressing for wound healing.

Excellent wound dressings should have crucial components, including high porosity, non-toxicity, high water absorption, and the ability to retain a humid environment in the wound area and facilitate wound healing. Unfortunately, current wound dressings hamper the healing process, with poor antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activity, frequent dressing changes, low biodegradability, and poor mechanical properties. Hydrogels are crosslinked polymer chains with three-dimensional (3D) networks that have been applicable as wound dressings. They could retain a humid environment on the wound site, provide a protective barrier against pathogenic infections, and provide pain relief. Hydrogel can be obtained from natural, synthetic, or hybrid polymers. Honey is a natural substance that has demonstrated several therapeutic efficacies, including anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant activity, which makes it beneficial for wound treatment. Honey-based hydrogel wound dressings demonstrated excellent characteristics, including good biodegradability and biocompatibility, stimulated cell proliferation and reepithelization, inhibited bacterial growth, and accelerated wound healing. This review aimed to demonstrate the potential of honey-based hydrogel in wound healing applications and complement the studies accessible regarding implementing honey-based hydrogel dressing for wound healing.

Objective Concentrated growth factor (CGF) is particularly gaining acceptance and popularity in regenerative dentistry. Nonetheless, there are no available studies showing its effect against microorganisms of oral cavity particularly in chronic oral disease-induced biofilms. This in vitro research was conducted to determine the antimicrobial effects of CGF against Staphylococcus aureus sp. (S. aureus) and Streptococcus mutans sp. (S. mutans). Materials and Methods Blood samples were obtained from a healthy volunteer. CGF was then prepared using specialized centrifugation equipment (Medifuge, Silfradent, Santa Sofia FC, Italy) and protocol. Antimicrobial activity of the CGF was observed and recorded on standard strains of S. aureus and S. mutans using a well diffusion method to determine the inhibition zone, broth microdilution to determine minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and crystal violet assay for biofilm assessment, with chlorhexidine (CHX) 0.12% used as a positive control. Statistical analysis was then performed using one-way analysis of variance followed by Tukey Test post hoc analysis. Results It was observed that there was a presence of clear zones of inhibition around the CGF after 24 hours of incubation. The mean diameter of the inhibition zone was 1.26 ± 0.12 nm and 1.20 ± 0.06 nm for S. aureus and S. mutans, respectively, with significance difference (p < 0.05) against the control group CHX 0.12%. The MIC values of the CGF against S. aureus and S. mutans were 47.9% and 34.17%, respectively, and the MBC values of the CGF against S. aureus and S. mutans were 100%. The viability and the ability in inhibiting the biofilm formation of S. mutans and S. aureus following treatment with CGF showed a reduction in the concentration-dependent manner as compared with the control group. Conclusion CGF possesses antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity against S. aureus and S. mutans.