The development of modern environmental law in Indonesia has not led to significant improvements in environmental quality. A key challenge is the limited public understanding of environmental law, compounded by the predominance of traditional, religious, and mystical perspectives within Indonesian society. This study aims to investigate the existence and role of customary environmental law in Indonesia and assess its potential contribution to the national environmental legal framework. A qualitative approach was employed, involving document analysis and field observations in communities known for strong adherence to customary practices. Data were analyzed to identify principles and practices of environmental management rooted in local customs. The findings reveal that customary environmental law exists and regulates both the utilization and conservation of the environment according to indigenous norms. This legal tradition operates beyond the realm of local wisdom, suggesting the emergence of a distinct subsystem within Indonesia’s environmental law. Customary environmental law offers valuable insights for the formulation and revision of national environmental legislation. Integrating these customary principles could enhance the effectiveness and cultural relevance of Indonesia’s environmental governance.

Dental diseases such as caries, periodontal conditions, and oral infections have historically posed significant health challenges, influencing overall well-being and quality of life. While modern dentistry has advanced substantially, traditional medical texts like the Tib manuscript MSS2515 offer valuable insights into sustainable and ethical treatment approaches. This manuscript is a cornerstone of traditional medicine, documenting various ailments and their treatments with a focus on natural, culturally aligned, and halal-compliant materials. Rooted in Islamic teachings, halal principles emphasize purity, cleanliness, and ethical integrity, making them increasingly relevant in modern healthcare practices, particularly in addressing the ethical and religious concerns of diverse populations. This study investigates the treatments for dental diseases described in the Tib manuscript MSS2515, focusing on halal-compliant materials. It explores the integration of these historical remedies into contemporary dentistry, highlighting their potential for sustainability, biocompatibility, and cultural sensitivity. The research underscores the manuscript’s emphasis on ethical considerations and its relevance to modern global healthcare challenges. By analysing the materials and methods documented in the manuscript, the study identifies natural and effective alternatives to conventional dental treatments, such as bone grafts and adhesives, which often face scrutiny for their halal status. The manuscript records treatments for various dental conditions, with the most frequently addressed being strong teeth (36%), followed by toothache (19%), toothpaste preparation (19%), removing maggots in the tooth (8%), teeth chattering (6%), intermittent toothache (6%), gargling (3%), and cavity treatment (3%). This distribution highlights a predominant emphasis on strengthening teeth and relieving pain, suggesting preventive and therapeutic priorities aligned with halal, sustainable, and culturally sensitive approaches. This multidisciplinary approach bridges the gap between traditional and modern medicine, fostering an inclusive understanding of how historical practices can inform future advancements. Ultimately, the research contributes to a broader dialogue on culturally sensitive and environmentally responsible healthcare solutions, inspiring innovation and inclusivity in dental science.

This study investigates how board effectiveness moderates the association between carbon emission and Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) scores of Malaysian listed corporations. Using data collected on 1051 Malaysian listed firms belonging to the year 2023, this study investigates the effect of ESG score on reducing the promotion of carbon emissions. The findings evidenced a negative relation of ESG scores against carbon emission, whereby the effect of board effectiveness was stronger in the companies. Such findings signify that firms which take sustainability seriously, especially through effective board effectiveness, have a great advantage in the reduction of carbon emission. Companies are encouraged to proactively and strategically reduce their carbon footprint, as part of a broader, comprehensive sustainability strategy, both to meet rising stakeholder expectations but also then to obtain high reductions of emissions for longer-term financial returns and competitive advantage.

The hazardous and mutagenic properties of dye effluents discharged into water bodies have led to the development of membrane separation for water treatment. pH-sensitive membranes have been widely employed as they exhibit remarkable improvements in the permeability and separation performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes. In this study, the PES membranes incorporated with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), pluronic F108, and polyitaconic acid (PIA) by phase inversion were fabricated and characterized. PIA at different weight percentages were introduced into the PES dope solution via blending technique. The dye removal capacity, chemical composition, and thermal stability were characterized using UV-Vis spectrometer, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA) respectively. The fabricated membranes showed excellent rejection of reactive red 120 (RR120), which is an anionic dye. The study evaluated the membrane performance of pure water permeation (PWP) along with RR120 dye rejection. M20-PPI1, with a weight percentage of PVP/Pluronic F108/PIA; 3%/1.5%/0.25%, exhibited the highest water flux of 12 L/m2h and dye rejection of 82% at pH value of 2 for RR120 dye rejection. The findings propose that M20-PPI1 is an effective pH-sensitive membrane for dye rejection

Tayammum, an essential aspect of Islamic jurisprudence, serves as an alternative method of ritual purification (ablution) when water is unavailable or its use is impractical. Tayammum purification method uses ground dust, a significant aspect of Islamic practice. However, traditional teaching methods may not always effectively convey its intricacies to students. To address this, interactive activities are employed to engage students actively in the learning process. This study investigates the effectiveness of utilising interactive activities to facilitate the transfer of Tayammum knowledge to students. Through a combination of hands-on experiences, simulations, and group activities, students are immersed in practical scenarios related to Tayammum is developed. The title of the program is Tayammum Trekathon with five (5) different activities will be involved. This approach not only enhances understanding but also fosters a deeper connection to the subject matter. The findings suggest that incorporating interactive activities into teaching Tayammum significantly improves knowledge transfer and student engagement, ultimately enriching the learning experience.

Family businesses, the backbone of the global economy, thrive on family elements, referred to as familiness. Familiness is a unique combination of resources available in family firms, generated through family involvement. However, currently, there is a lack of understanding of the concept of familiness. This study aimed to fill this knowledge gap by understanding the state-of-the-art literature on familiness concept. To fulfil this objective, a literature review on the concept of familiness in family business, specifically using the narrative review approach was conducted. This review employed a scoping searching technique to identify and select articles related to familiness. In total, 36 articles were included for review and analysis. The review generated three emergent themes: i) definitions of familiness; ii) roles of familiness; and iii) factors influencing familiness. It found that the definitions of the term familiness evolved over time. Earlier, literature defined familiness as existing resources in family firms, and later it was highlighted as resources that are actively co-created by family members through joint decision-making of the firm’s strategic decisions. In terms of the roles of familiness, this review extends the body of knowledge related to family businesses, particularly by outlining how familiness plays a predominantly positive role in influencing organisational outcomes. Furthermore, familiness may be the antecedent, mediator, and moderator of organisational outcomes, which potentially paves the way for establishing familiness as a potential source from which to generate resources for family businesses. The study also identified research gaps and provides some suggestions for future research.

The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles with the small size and high stability paved the way to improve and protect the environment by decreasing the use of toxic chemicals and eliminating biological risks in biomedical applications. Plant mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles is gaining more importance owing its simplicity, rapid rate of synthesis of nanoparticles and eco-friendliness. In this study, focus on biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Polygonum hydropiper extract and its catalytic degradation of hazardous dye, methylene blue has been highlighted. The rapid reduction of silver (Ag) ions was monitored using UV-Visible spectrophotometer and showed formation of silver nanoparticles within less than one hour with maximum absorption of silver nanoparticles at 430 nm. The major functional groups present in the synthesis responsible for the formation of silver nanoparticles. It was identified by using Fourier Transform Infrared spectrophotometer (FTIR). Field Electron Scanning Microscope (FESEM) was used to characterise the nanoparticles synthesized using P.hydropiper. The morphology of silver nanoparticles was predominantly spherical and aggregated into irregular structure with average diameter of 60 nm. In addition, this report emphasizes the effect of the silver nanoparticles on the degradation rate of hazardous dyes by sodium borohydride (NaBH4). The efficiency of silver nanoparticles as a promising candidate for the catalysis of organic dyes by NaBH4 through the electron transfer process is established in the present study. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier B.V.

History has never witnessed a tragedy like the one the Palestinian brothers are experiencing in Gaza. Infidels, including those who claim to be Muslims, have attacked them from every direction. The forces of infidelity and tyranny, led by the Zionist entity and America, have conspired against them, burning their homes, killing their men, widowing their women, orphaning their children, and tightening the siege on them in full view of human rights organizations and international institutions. This research aims to highlight mechanisms for resisting the Zionist entity and its allies, using a qualitative approach. Among the results reached by the researcher are: The Holy Quran reveals many ugly and reprehensible descriptions of the Jews, which apply to the Jews of today. Among the mechanisms and measures aimed at resisting the Zionist enemedy, its allies, and those like them, and thwarting their plots and plans, are: jihad in the cause of God in its various forms, economic and commercial boycotts, boycotting all other relations with it, material support to deter it, and moral support for the mujahidin and oppressed brothers in Gaza. The research concludes with important recommendations for the entire Muslim community. It is hoped that this research will contribute to resisting the occupying enemy and thwarting its plans and conspiracies.

Mukhtalif al-ḥadīth is one of the crucial branches in the science of hadis, as it serves as a tool for resolving apparent contradictions in hadis. Recognizing its importance, Muhammad bin Idris al-Marbawi, a renowned scholar of hadis in the Malay Archipelago, dedicated special attention to discussing this discipline in his works. His ability to resolve contradictions between hadiss highlighted his expertise in the science of mukhtalif al-ḥadīth. Thus, this study aims to examine the development of al-Marbawi's contributions to the study of mukhtalif al-ḥadīth. To achieve this objective, a qualitative research method was employed through a literature review. Information related to al-Marbawi's contributions in the field of mukhtalif al-ḥadīth was collected and analyzed using inductive and deductive methods. The findings of this study reveal that al-Marbawi's journey in seeking knowledge, coupled with his diligence in mastering the science of mukhtalif alḥadīth, qualified him to be recognized as a prominent hadis scholar. From the outset, he received systematic education in hadis studies at Pondok Tuan Hussain Kedah before pursuing further studies in mukhtalif al-ḥadīth at Al-Azhar University. In Egypt, Al-Marbawi also engaged in informal studies through talaqqi sessions at mosques around Cairo to broaden his existing knowledge spectrum. Among al-Marbawi's key teachers who significantly influenced his prominence in the field of mukhtalif al-ḥadīth were Muḥammad bin Ibrāhīm al-Samālūṭī, Muḥammad ‘Alī al-Mālikī, and Yūsuf al-Ḥāwī.

3D printing is a pivotal technology that is driving the Fourth Industrial Revolution. This technology involves the creation of three-dimensional objects using a computer-aided design model, which is achieved through a layer-by-layer technique. Among the various materials used for 3D printing filaments, polylactic acid (PLA) is one of the most preferred due to its unique properties. Nonetheless, due to the gradual decomposition of PLA, which typically takes around 12 weeks, there has been a surge in plastic pollution within the environment. This study aimed to tackle this problem by investigating an alternative method of managing bioplastic waste. The approach involved using a mechanical recycling process to convert PLA filament, commonly used in 3D printing, into a film-like shape. In summary, the procedure comprised of mechanically reducing the size of PLA followed by dissolving it in chloroform to generate PLA films. In order to examine the effect of coloring on film properties, four colors of filament were blended before the dissolution process. The study found that a higher degree of PLA film decomposition was observed with longer incubation times, which was supported by a reduction in the film's weight. As the incubation time was prolonged, the films disintegrated into powder because the compost progressively eroded the film structure. Moreover, based on functional groups analysis showed that slight peak changes observed for mixed colored film and decomposed film. Thus, this approach can enable communities to encourage the self-degradation of their PLA waste, even in their own premises, and promote the sustainability of bioplastics by promoting end-of-life solutions.

Pandemik COVID-19 telah merubah sosial, ekonomi dan politik Malaysia sejak dua tahun yang lalu. Namun begitu, atas sebab amalan demokrasi pilihan raya yang konsisten, maka lima pilihan raya kecil telah dijalankan sepanjang pandemik berlaku. Walaupun wujud dilema dan paradoks antara demokrasi dan keselamatan diri, namun atas maklum balas pihak berkepentingan dan usaha berterusan Suruhanjaya Pilihan Raya, beberapa siri pilihan raya kecil telah dijalankan dalam keadaan yang selamat. Oleh yang demikian, artikel ini akan membincangkan kesinambungan demokrasi yang stabil dipertahankan di samping keperluan menjaga keselamatan kesihatan rakyat yang menjadi tunjang pada amalan demokrasi itu sendiri. Prosedur operasi standard yang diguna pakai membolehkan perjalanan pilihan raya yang selamat. Artikel ini menghujahkan kesinambungan kestabilan demokrasi dan keselamatan rakyat terus menjadi mantra dalam pencarian kestabilan politik kepartian.

Domestic violence cases are increasingly being exposed in various news outlets, reporting women are disproportionately affected by both physical and sexual violence. The extensive coverage of these incidents represents a significant advancement in empowering women’s positions. Nevertheless, given the enduring influence of patriarchal society within the media business, it is necessary to do a more in-depth analysis of how women are depicted while reporting domestic violence, especially from visual representations. The author investigated the news reporting of domestic violence from Kompas.com and Detik.com during 2022-2023. The analysis revealed that there is ambiguity in representing women as the victims of domestic violence. The two outlets’ progressive approach is evident in the narrative, as they position the women as the subjects. However, from the visual images, both outlets continue to perpetuate the notion of women as victims by portraying them in a prejudiced manner.

In recent years, electronic documents have gained significant attention in legal proceedings, especially with the emergence of modern technology extensively utilized across various segments of society. Their convenient and rapid accessibility via electronic devices such as computers, smartphones, or tablets enables interested parties to obtain necessary information with ease. In Syariah courts, electronic documents serve as crucial evidence in either establishing an individual’s guilt or exonerating the innocent. Nonetheless, questions arise regarding the admissibility of such evidence under Syariah law in Malaysia and its function in trial proceedings. Therefore, this article aims to clarify the position of electronic document evidence in Malaysian Islamic evidence law by examining the concept of electronic documents as wasa’il ithbat, the relevant Islamic legal justifications (holy Quran, hadith and qawāʿid fiqhiyyah), and the statutory provisions applicable within the context of Islamic law of evidence in Malaysia. Several cases from Malaysian Syariah courts are analyzed to assess the validity of electronic evidence. The study further identifies challenges faced by Syariah legal practitioners and proposes measures to enhance the management of electronic evidence in the future. A qualitative method involving document analysis of both primary and secondary data was adopted to achieve the research objectives. Findings indicate that Malaysian Syariah courts do accept electronic documents as evidence in line with existing legal provisions and Islamic jurisprudence; however, issues concerning authenticity and reliability warrant closer attention. Accordingly, comprehensive guidelines, technological training for judges and court officers, and comparative studies with civil courts are recommended to reinforce the integrity and efficiency of electronic evidence management going forward.